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361.
Gerecke AC Giger W Hartmann PC Heeb NV Kohler HP Schmid P Zennegg M Kohler M 《Chemosphere》2006,64(2):311-317
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) are high production volume chemicals used as flame retardants in plastics for products such as electronic equipment, insulation panels, and textiles. The environmental safety of brominated flame retardants, especially their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity is a controversial topic. Here, we studied and compared the degradation of TBBPA, HBCD, and DecaBDE under anaerobic conditions in digested sewage sludge. The half-lives of TBBPA and a technical HBCD mixture were 0.59 and 0.66 d, respectively. The fact that (+/-)-alpha-HBCD exhibited an almost doubled half-life compared to (+/-)-beta-HBCD and (+/-)-gamma-HBCD is an important finding with respect to the discussion on the persistence of individual HBCD stereoisomers and the recent reports on strong relative enrichment of alpha-HBCD in biota. We found no statistically significant enantioselective degradation of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-HBCD. Half-lives of TBBPA and a technical HBCD mixture were not dependent on the presence of additional nutrients or primers. Concentrations of TBBPA and a technical HBCD mixture decreased also in sterile control samples, however, at a rate that was more than a factor of 50 smaller than in incubations under non-sterile conditions. Compared to TBBPA and a technical HBCD mixture, DecaBDE exhibited a much longer half-life of 7 x 10(2)d in the same system. Pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants decreased according to the following sequence: TBBPA congruent with(+/-)-gamma-HBCD congruent with(+/-)-beta-HBCD>(+/-)-alpha-HBCD>DecaBDE. Preliminary investigations suggest that degradation of TBBPA, HBCD, and DecaBDE occurs in full-scale anaerobic digesters, as well. 相似文献
362.
Removal of inorganic colour pigments from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene by dissolution-based recycling 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Dagmar Arends Martin Schlummer Andreas M?urer 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2012,14(2):85-93
Reinserting thermoplastic industrial scrap materials back into the production process must be feasible and cost-effective. Unfortunately, many thermoplastic materials contain colour pigments that cause undesired colour effects and, therefore, have to be removed before recycling. The purpose of this study was to reduce the inorganic colour pigments titanium dioxide, chromium(III) oxide and iron(III) oxide from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Based on experiences with dissolution-based polymer recycling, the two methods for removing these colour pigments studied in this project were filtration and centrifugation. Multiple laboratory-scale experiments were performed with two solvent formulations, acetone and CreaSolv? SB. Using the filtration method, both solvent formulations achieved reduction rates of 80% for titanium and iron and 90% for chromium. While similar reduction rates were obtained with high-speed laboratory-type centrifuges for acetone solutions, the results for CreaSolv? SB solutions were considerably lower under the same experimental conditions. Increasing the temperature or centrifugation speed, however, will also increase the reduction rates. Thereby, CreaSolv? SB solutions become suitable for industrial-scale processes. This is important because industrial processes based on CreaSolv? SB solutions are significantly safer than acetone-based processes. 相似文献
363.
364.
365.
Patricia Belinda Crosby Forbes Andreas Tr��e Egmont R. Rohwer 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(1):7-12
Rapid methods are needed to analyse air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Reliable semi-quantitative
gas standards were required for the development of a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
analysis, based on sampling of air onto multi-channel polydimethylsiloxane rubber traps. Easily constructed diffusion tubes
provided naphthalene vapour at ~2 ng s−1. A gas chromatographic fraction collection method for loading less volatile PAHs onto the traps from a flame ionization detector
outlet was developed and optimized. The accuracy of the method, which can be further optimized, was sufficient for initial
LIF screening tests to flag samples exceeding threshold PAH levels for subsequent quantitative GC–MS analysis. 相似文献
366.
Carola Borries Tommaso Savini Andreas Koenig 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(4):685-693
The evolution of social monogamy in larger mammals is difficult to explain because males usually do not invest much in direct
offspring care and might achieve greater fitness by deserting a pregnant female to reproduce with additional females elsewhere.
It has been hypothesized that socially monogamous males remain with the female year-round to protect their offspring from
infanticide by new immigrant males. We investigated this idea by analyzing all cases of infant loss in a wild population of
white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar; Primates), in which most groups were socially monogamous and some polyandrous (137.5 group years). We examined the influence
of (a) male intruder pressure on male immigration rates and (b) the presence of a new male in the group on infant loss. We
found no relation between intruder pressure and male immigration rates. Infant loss was lowest (4.5%) for stable monogamy
(probable father stayed from conception through infancy) and intermediate (25.0%; p = 0.166) for stable polyandry. If a new male immigrated after conception, however, the infant was lost in all cases (p < 0.01) independent of the presumed father’s presence. Overall, 83.3% of infant losses were associated with the presence
of a presumably unrelated male. Although the sample size is small, our results provide the first true support for the idea
that the risk of infanticide is an important factor in the evolution of social monogamy in larger mammals. 相似文献
367.
A new approach to investigate the interactions between sediment transport and ecotoxicological processes during flood events 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Holger Schüttrumpf Markus Brinkmann Catrina Cofalla Roy M Frings Sabine U Gerbersdorf Markus Hecker Sebastian Hudjetz Ulrike Kammann Gottfried Lennartz Sebastian Roger Andreas Schäffer Henner Hollert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2011,23(1):1-5
Purpose
The 'step-by step' principle was introduced into the European Union legislation on genetically modified organisms as a means to cope with uncertainty about environmental risks from the release of genetically modified organisms into the environment. The approval process is orientated along the stepwise reduction of containment which reflects a precautionary approach towards the risks of genetically modified organism release. Thus, the gradual reduction of containment should keep pace with the gradual generation of risk-related knowledge. This paper strives to clarify the meaning, legal status and practical importance of the principle. It also looks at whether non-European Union countries have adopted the principle as well, and how they practice it.Methods
The article is based on research of the relevant legal texts, court cases and legal literature. In addition, a number of dossiers of applications for the European Union authorisation of release and placing on the market of genetically modified seed were analysed.Results and conclusions
Although 'step-by-step' is not a precise legal rule it does have legal meaning as a principle guiding the risk assessment and management of genetically modified organism introduction into the environment. Assuming a process of gradual reduction of containment and scaling up of release ranging from closed systems via experimental release to cultivation the 'step-by-step principle' requires that the knowledge on environmental risks of genetically modified organisms should be generated on stages previous to the ones where the risk can result in damage. The analysis of the legislation of China, the United States of America and Brazil showed a differentiated approach towards the step-by-step principle. 相似文献368.
Gooneratne R Buser A Lindsay P Wellby M 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(5):1360-1365
Ecological health of 15 sites in two mining areas on the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand, was assessed using a non-invasive electrophysiological technique. The conduction velocity (CV) changes in the medial giant fibres (MGF) of the terrestrial earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa were measured on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 following exposure to soil and/or sediment from six acid mine drainage (AMD) sites, and aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus at 0, 3, 6, and 24 h following exposure to water from 14 AMD sites. The colour of the soil/sediments varied from red-brown to black with pH ranging from 4.46 to 7.37. The colour of AMD water samples varied from clear, black, brown to orange, and the pH ranged from 2.99 to 7.66. The CV decreased progressively in A. caliginosa exposed to most soil and sediment samples from the AMD sites (compared with controls exposed to soil from an organic farm) and this was most evident in measurements taken at 7 days. Based on the CV measurements taken on day 7, sites 3 > 2 > 1 were significantly (P < 0.05) the most toxic to earthworms. The CV of L. variegatus exposed to AMD water sampled from many sites also decreased progressively and this was significantly lower than the controls in the measurements taken at 24 h from sites 3 > 9 > 7 > 11. It is proposed that MGF CV in A. caliginosa and L. variegatus worms can be used as a non-invasive, sensitive, biomarker to monitor the toxicity of AMD sites. 相似文献
369.
Andreas Egelund Christensen 《Natural resources forum》2011,35(1):9-20
The rise and fall of the bêche‐de‐mer trade in Solomon Islands is an example of how small, remote island communities are influenced by drivers of change on both the national and international scales. This susceptibility leads to local economic collapses and changed livelihoods. This article focuses on small‐island livelihoods, socio‐economic responses to fluctuating markets and the instability caused by internal and external forces of change. Quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews and participant observation have been used to explore the development trajectories of Ontong Java, a Polynesian outlier in Solomon Islands, in the context of the bêche‐de‐mer trade over the past forty years. The main findings can be captured in four distinct periods that demonstrate the transformation of this atoll community from subsistence‐oriented strategies to specialization in marine resource extraction to economic collapse and return to subsistence. It is concluded that this atoll population has shown a remarkable ability to adjust and cope with processes of globalization. 相似文献
370.
Integrating Landscape Ecology and Geoinformatics to Decipher Landscape Dynamics for Regional Planning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We used remote sensing and GIS in conjunction with multivariate statistical methods to: (i) quantify landscape composition
(land cover types) and configuration (patch density, diversity, fractal dimension, contagion) for five coastal watersheds
of Kalloni gulf, Lesvos Island, Greece, in 1945, 1960, 1971, 1990 and 2002/2003, (ii) evaluate the relative importance of
physical (slope, geologic substrate, stream order) and human (road network, population density) variables on landscape composition
and configuration, and (iii) characterize processes that led to land cover changes through land cover transitions between
these five successive periods in time. Distributions of land cover types did not differ among the five time periods at the
five watersheds studied because the largest cumulative changes between 1945 and 2002/2003 did not take place at dominant land
cover types. Landscape composition related primarily to the physical attributes of the landscape. Nevertheless, increase in
population density and the road network were found to increase heterogeneity of the landscape mosaic (patchiness), complexity
of patch shape (fractal dimension), and patch disaggregation (contagion). Increase in road network was also found to increase
landscape diversity due to the creation of new patches. The main processes involved in land cover changes were plough-land
abandonment and ecological succession. Landscape dynamics during the last 50 years corroborate the ecotouristic-agrotouristic
model for regional development to reverse trends in agricultural land abandonment and human population decline and when combined
with hypothetical regulatory approaches could predict how this landscape could develop in the future, thus, providing a valuable
tool to regional planning. 相似文献