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41.
Marcionília Fernandes Pimentel Évila Pinheiro Damasceno Paula Christine Jimenez Pedro Filipe Ribeiro Araújo Marcielly Freitas Bezerra Pollyana Cristina Vasconcelos de Morais Rivelino Martins Cavalcante Susana Loureiro Letícia Veras Costa Lotufo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2016,188(5):298
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Michel G. J. den Elzen Angelica Mendoza Beltran Andries F. Hof Bas van Ruijven Jasper van Vliet 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2013,18(4):491-512
The European Union (EU) has advocated an emission reduction target for developed countries of 80% to 95% below the 1990 level by 2050, and a global reduction target of 50%. Developing countries have resisted the inclusion of these targets in both the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Copenhagen Accord and Cancún Agreements. This paper analyses what these targets would imply for emission targets, abatement costs and energy consumption of developing countries, taking into account the conditional emission reduction pledges for 2020. An 80% reduction target for developed countries would imply more stringent per capita emission targets for developing countries than developed countries by 2050. Moreover, abatement costs of developing countries would be higher than those of developed countries. An 85% to 90% reduction target for developed countries would result in similar per capita emission targets and abatement costs for developed and developing countries by 2050. Total reduction targets for developing countries would range from 30% to 40% below 2005 levels by 2050 and from 30% to 35% above 2005 levels by 2030. The 2030 target for China would be 40% to 45% above 2005 levels, compared to a target for the EU of 45% to 50% below 1990 and for the United States of America (USA) 30% to 35% below 1990. Emission target trajectories for Brazil, South Africa and China would peak before 2025 and for India by around 2025. From the analysis, we may conclude that from the viewpoint of developing countries either developed countries increase their target above 85%, and/or make substantial side-payments. 相似文献
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Angelica Jimenez Afolabi Adisa Cara Woodham 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(11):828-835
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are suspected to be carcinogenic and mutagenic. This study describes the presence of PAHs in light, medium and dark roasted coffee including instant and decaffeinated brands. Total PAHs concentration was related to the degree of roasting with light roasted coffee showing the least and dark roasted coffee showing the highest level. Both instant and decaffeinated coffee brand showed lower levels of PAHs. Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, pyrene and chrysene were the most abundant individual isomers. The concentrations ranged from 0 to 561 ng g?1 for naphthalene, 0 to 512 ng g?1 for acenaphthylene, 60 to 459 ng g?1 for pyrene and 56 to 371 ng g?1 for chrysene. Thus, roasting conditions should be controlled to avoid the formation of PAHs due to their suspected carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. 相似文献
46.
C. Macías Garcia Georgina Jimenez Beatriz Contreras 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1994,35(4):253-259
Handicap models of sexual selection predict that ornaments must be costly to produce and/or to wear and maintain; only then can they evolve as reliable signals of genetic quality. We investigated in the laboratory one potential cost of possessing ornaments, using the viviparous fish Girardinichthys multiradiatus and its natural predator, the snake Thamnophis melanogaster. We found that female G. multiradiatus show preferences for males with larger fins, as measured from body correlates. Males with a morphology attractive to females, however, were more likely to be captured by snakes than were other males (Fig. 5). Greater vulnerability to snakes cannot be explained as a result of snake visual preferences, because snakes responded similarly to males and females (Fig. 6). Finally, males, particularly dominant ones, were more likely to inspect foraging snakes than were females (Fig. 7). We conclude that male Girardinichthys multiradiatus experience a sexually-selected handicap due to reduced mobility resulting from having enlarged fins. 相似文献
47.
Land use and agricultural practices modify both the amounts and properties of C and N in soil organic matter. In order to evaluate land use and management-dependent modifications of stable and labile C and N soil pools, (i). organic C and total N content, (ii). microbial (C(mic)) and N (N(mic)) content and (iii). C and N mineralisation rates, termed biologically active C and N, were estimated in arable, grassland and forest soils from northern and southern Germany. The C/N-ratios were calculated for the three levels (i)-(iii) and linked to the eco-physiological quotients of biotic-fixed C and N (C(mic)/C(org), N(mic)/N(t)) and biomass-specific C and N mineralisation rate (qCO(2), qN(min)). Correlations could mainly be determined between organic C, total N, C(mic), N(mic) and C mineralisation for the broader data set of the land use systems. Generally, the mineralisation activity rate at 22 degrees C was highly variable and ranged between 0.11 and 17.67 microg CO(2)-C g(-1) soil h(-1) and -0.12 and 3.81 microg (deltaNH(4)(+)+deltaNO(3)(-))-N g(-1) soil h(-1). Negative N data may be derived from both N immobilisation and N volatilisation during the experiments. The ratio between C and N mineralisation rate differed significantly between the soils ranging from 5 to 37, and was not correlated to the soil C/N ratio and C(mic)/N(mic) ratio. The C/N ratio in the 'biologically active' pool was significantly smaller in soils under conventional farming than those under organic farming systems. In a beech forest, it increased from the L, Of to the Ah horizon. The biologically active C and N pools refer to the current microbial eco-physiology and are related to the need for being C and N use efficient as indicated by metabolic qCO(2) and qN(min) quotients. 相似文献
48.
Many countries use wastewater for irrigation. The World Health Organization established, as reuse guidelines, a maximum value of 1 helminth ovum/L for irrigation. Various techniques for enumerating helminth ova in water have been published. To determine the most adequate method for Mexico, four techniques were compared: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), membrane-filter, Leeds I, and Faust. Two types of water were used: drinking water and municipal wastewater effluent. Sensitivity, discrimination coefficients, precision, recovery efficiency, and cost were determined. In addition, several unseeded wastewater samples were analyzed. For drinking water, U.S. EPA and the membrane-filter techniques demonstrated comparable results; however, when wastewater was used, the membrane technique showed some deficiencies. Because the U.S. EPA technique may be used for samples with both high and low solids content, allows for the recovery of helminth ova with different specific gravities, and has the lowest total cost, it was selected as the best technique. 相似文献
49.
Oliver?HawlitschekEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Mark?D.?Scherz Bernhard?Ruthensteiner Angelica?Crottini Frank?Glaw 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2018,105(7-8):49
Cryptic species have been detected in many groups of organisms and must be assumed to make up a significant portion of global biodiversity. We study geckos of the Ebenavia inunguis complex from Madagascar and surrounding islands and use species delimitation algorithms (GMYC, BOLD, BPP), COI barcode divergence, diagnostic codon indels in the nuclear marker PRLR, diagnostic categorical morphological characters, and significant differences in continuous morphological characters for its taxonomic revision. BPP yielded ≥?10 operational taxonomic units, whereas GMYC (≥?27) and BOLD (26) suggested substantial oversplitting. In consequnce, we resurrect Ebenavia boettgeri Boulenger 1885 and describe Ebenavia tuelinae sp. nov., Ebenavia safari sp. nov., and Ebenavia robusta sp. nov., increasing the number of recognised species in Ebenavia from two to six. Further lineages of Ebenavia retrieved by BPP may warrant species or subspecies status, but further taxonomic conclusions are postponed until more data become available. Finally, we present an identification key to the genus Ebenavia, provide an updated distribution map, and discuss the diagnostic values of computational species delimitation as well as morphological and molecular diagnostic characters. 相似文献
50.
Mathieu Muller Julie Jimenez Maxime Antonini Yves Dudal Eric Latrille Fabien Vedrenne Jean-Philippe Steyer Dominique Patureau 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(12):2572-2580
The design and management of anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge (SS) require a relevant characterisation of the sludge organic matter (OM). Methods currently used are time-consuming and often insufficiently informative. A new method combining chemical sequential extractions (CSE) with 3D fluorescence spectroscopy was developed to provide a relevant SS characterisation to assess both OM bioaccessibility and complexity which govern SS biodegradability. CSE fractionates the sludge OM into 5 compartments of decreasing accessibility. First applied on three SS samples with different OM stability, fractionation profiles obtained were in accordance with the latter. 3D fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the bioaccessible compartments were mainly constituted of simple and easily biodegradable OM while the unaccessible ones were largely made of complex and refractory OM. Then, primary, secondary and anaerobically digested sludge with different biodegradabilities were tested. Complexity revealed by 3D fluorescence spectroscopy was linked with biodegradability and chemical accessibility was correlated with sludge bioaccessibility. 相似文献