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101.
Mono- and dicarboxylic n-alkyl acids were extensively investigated in downtown Rome, Italy, and in Montelibretti, ~30 km NE of the city, during 2005–2007. Congeners ranging from lauric to mellisic, and from succinic to α,ω-docosanedioic acids were evaluated as well as phthalic, palmitoleic and oleic acids, by solvent extraction of airborne particulates followed by derivatization with propanol in the presence of boron trifluoride, and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. Shorter measurements were made in Milan, in Taranto, at suburban and rural sites of Italy, and in the polar regions, from 1996 to 2005. The predominance of palmitic and stearic acids observed elsewhere was confirmed, and the behaviour of azelaic and phthalic acids resulted strongly dependent upon the year season. In the urban sites, among the long-chain compounds, the lignoceric acid was usually the most abundant, while the cerotic, montanic and mellisic homologues cumulatively never exceeded 8% of the total. Unlike other contaminants, the concentrations of organic acids remained fairly invariant over the last decade, suggesting that more attention must be paid to them in the future. 相似文献
102.
This study used Lazarus and Folkman's ( 1984 ) cognitive–phenomenological model of coping and Lazarus's ( 1991 ) theory of emotions to develop and test a model of how individuals cope with an organizational acquisition. The model identifies the origins and process used to select both problem‐focused and emotion‐focused coping strategies. Covariance structure analysis of data from 172 individuals indicated that problem‐focused coping was directly influenced by primary appraisal and negative emotion, while only certain types of emotion‐focused coping were directly related to negative emotion. All coping strategies were impacted by social support. Furthermore, negative emotion was predicted by primary appraisal, which in turn was related to perceived control, coping efficacy, and environmental conditions. Recommendations for future research and applications are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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We studied the impact of demographic diversity on individual attachment and firm unit performance in a relatively diverse organization. We implemented cross‐level regression to study gender and race/ethnic categorical, relational, and organizational demography in a sample of 26 units part of a regional restaurant chain. At the individual level, we found that diversity climate (DC) moderates the impact of relational and categorical demography on affective organizational commitment, organizational identification, and intention to quit. At the organizational level, we found that DC moderates the impact of organizational diversity on firm productivity and return on profit. We discuss the importance of organizational DC as organizational context on individual attachment, and implications for firm effectiveness in diverse organizations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
107.
Atmospheric nitrophenols (NPs) were determined both in the gas and particle phases by combining the annular denuder sampling technique with GC-MS analysis. The phase distribution of six mono-NPs identified in air sampled in downtown Rome was assessed. 4-NP, 3-methyl-4-NP and 2,6-dimethyl-4-NP were found for more than 75% in the particle phase, whilst 2-NP, 4-methyl-2-NP and 5-methyl-2-NP predominated in the gas phase. Concentration levels lower than 20 ng m-3 were observed for all NPs, among which 4-NP (17.8+/-5.6 ng m-3) and 2-NP (10.4+/-4.2 ng m-3) were the most abundant congeners in the two phases, respectively. 相似文献
108.
Male mosquitofish are very persistent in their sexual activity and harass any female they encounter. Gravid females pay a
large tribute to this intense male sexual activity in terms of reduced foraging efficiency. Previous observations have demonstrated
that gravid females, when chased by a male, dilute male harassment by moving closer to other females to form shoals. They
also approach other males to promote male competition, and when males differ in size, they preferentially target large males,
whose harassment is less intense. In this study, we tested whether the modulation of females’ social preferences in response
to male harassment is innate or learned. We tested social preference in three groups of females that differed in experience
of sexual harassment and in the factors affecting it. Females of the first group were reared without any sexual experience,
and pregnancy was induced through artificial insemination. The second group was composed of naive females kept singly with
a male; these females experienced sexual harassment but were prevented from experiencing the effects of male–male competition
and shoaling on the amount of male sexual harassment. In the third group (controls), females were reared in multi-male, multi-female
groups and could experience the modulating effects of social interactions on sexual harassment. When exposed to a harassing
male, females of the three groups immediately reduced their distance from another female, approached a group of males or moved
toward the larger of two available males. Moreover, the results for these three groups of females were similar to those obtained
in wild-caught females that were tested in the same three tests in a previous study (Dadda et al. An. Behav., 70:463–471, 2005). This suggests that the strategies adopted by females in response to male sexual harassment do not need to be learned through
specific experience of the social contexts. 相似文献
109.
Alfieri S. M. Riccardi M. Menenti M. Basile A. Bonfante A. De Lorenzi F. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2019,24(3):435-466
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Adaptation to climate change is a major challenge facing the agricultural sector worldwide. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a global,... 相似文献
110.
Angelo Cecinato Rosanna Mabilia Fabio Marino 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
n-Alkanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanoic acids present in the inhalable fraction of airborne particles have been determined at the Italian scientific base sited in the area of Ny Alesund, Spitzbergen Island, Norway. Both the profiles of n-alkane and polynuclear aromatic congeners among the respective classes showed that anthropogenic sources were responsible for the presence of particulate organics in the atmosphere there, since the monomodal distribution of aliphatics and the fresh-emission shape of PAH fraction were observed. The total contents of n-alkanes and PAH ranged from 19 to 97 ng m−3 and from 0.6 to 2.0 ng m−3, respectively; n-alkanoic acids reached 6 ng m−3. The occurrence of nitrated-PAH of photochemical origin at trace extent (i.e. nitrated-fluoranthenes and nitropyrenes) has been also observed. Since the occurrence of OH radicals is required together with NOx for the processes leading to the generation of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene would start, the detection of these nitrated species revealed the occurrence of photochemical processes in that region. 相似文献