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11.
Drysdale M Ljung Bjorklund K Jamieson HE Weinstein P Cook A Watkins RT 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(2):279-288
Simulated lung fluids are solutions designed to mimic the composition of human interstitial lung fluid as closely as possible.
Analysis of mineral dusts using such solutions has been used to evaluate the respiratory bioaccessibility of various elements
for which solubility in the lungs is a primary determinant of reactivity. The objective of this study was to employ simulated
lung fluid analysis to investigate the respiratory bioaccessibility of nickel in soils. Current occupational guidelines in
Australia regulate nickel compounds in terms of water solubility, though this may not be an accurate estimation of the total
nickel that will dissociate in the lungs. Surface soils were collected from the city of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia, the
site of an operational nickel smelter and metal mining activities. The fraction of the samples less than 10 μm was extracted
from the soil, and it was this sub-10-μm fraction that was found to hold most of the total nickel present in the soil. The
fine fraction was analyzed using a simulated lung fluid (modified Gamble’s solution) to isolate the nickel phases soluble
in the lungs. In addition, a sequential extraction was employed to compare the bioaccessible fraction to those dissolved from
different binding forms in the soil. In all samples, the simulated lung fluid extracted more nickel than the two weakest leaches
of the sequential extraction combined, providing a more representative nickel bioaccessibility value than the current water
leach method. 相似文献
12.
Structural modifications to landscapes affect the ability of organisms to access different habitat patches. There exist, however, very few general methods by which to relate modifications to expectations of effects, and even fewer that enable understanding of how multiple modifications may interact. In the absence of any guiding principles, ecologists have assumed that interactions will result in complex landscape-scale effects. One way of understanding such effects is through rendering a landscape as a graph or network, among the simplest of which are dendritic networks typified by stream systems. Yet even for stream networks, there are no known general principles concerning the nature of interactions between multiple modifications. We developed a model to describe the ability of fish to access and use different habitat patches within dendritic networks. We used mathematical and numerical analyses of the model to investigate how the habitat value of a network is affected by changes in connectivity and habitat quality, and then to examine interactions between multiple modifications. Rather than showing complex interactions, our analytic and simulation-based results show that the combined effect of multiple modifications approximately equals the sum of individually predicted effects. Dendritic networks thus appear to respond far more simply to multiple modifications than has previously been assumed. These results have implications for stream management planning, and offer a firm foundation from which to better understand population processes within dendritic networks. 相似文献
13.
How does knowledge management (KM) by a government agency responsible for environmental impact assessment (EIA) potentially contribute to better environmental assessment and management practice? Staff members at government agencies in charge of the EIA process are knowledge workers who perform judgement-oriented tasks highly reliant on individual expertise, but also grounded on the agency’s knowledge accumulated over the years. Part of an agency’s knowledge can be codified and stored in an organizational memory, but is subject to decay or loss if not properly managed. The EIA agency operating in Western Australia was used as a case study. Its KM initiatives were reviewed, knowledge repositories were identified and staff surveyed to gauge the utilisation and effectiveness of such repositories in enabling them to perform EIA tasks. 相似文献
14.
Joshua A. Vance Norse B. Angus James T. Anderson 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(9):7739-7748
Construction of man-made objects such as roads and bridges may have impacts on wildlife depending on species or location. We investigated songbirds and small mammals along the Ohio River, WV, USA at a new bridge both before and after construction and at a bridge crossing that was present throughout the study. Comparisons were made at each site over three time periods (1985–1987 [Phase I] and 1998–2000 [Phase II] [pre-construction], 2007–2009 [Phase III] [post-construction]) and at three distances (0, 100, 300 m) from the bridge or proposed bridge location. Overall, 70 songbirds and 10 small mammals were detected during the study. Cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and rock pigeons (Columba livia) showed high affinity for bridges (P?<?0.05). Combined small mammal abundances increased between Phases I and II (P?<?0.05), but did not differ between Phases II and III (P?>?0.05). Species richness and diversity for songbirds and small mammals did not differ before and after bridge construction (P?>?0.05). We found that most species sampled did not respond to the bridge crossing, and believe that the bridge is not causing any measurable negative density impacts to the species we investigated. The new bridge does provide habitat for exotic rock pigeons that are adjusted to man-made structures for nesting. 相似文献
15.
In-vessel composting of an aged coal-tar contaminated soil from a manufactured gas plant site was investigated over 98days using laboratory-scale in-vessel composting reactors. The composting reactors were operated at 18 different operational conditions using a logistic three-factor factorial design with three temperatures (T=38, 55 and 70 degrees C), four soil to green waste ratios (S:GW; 0.6:1, 0.7:1, 0.8:1 and 0.9:1 on a dry weight basis) and three moisture contents (MC; 40%, 60% and 80%). Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate organic matter dynamics in the composting mixture. The results of this investigation indicated that formation of humic substances can be monitored by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix, and provided evidence of progressive mineralization or humification of the composting mixture. Peak excitation wavelength shifts and peak fluorescence intensity can both be used as indicators to monitor the humification or maturation of compost. Finally, the fluorescence index can be applied to investigate the origin of humic substances and fulvic acids, and the humification or maturation of compost. 相似文献
16.
17.
Pik AJ Dangerfield JM Bramble RA Angus C Nipperess DA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2002,75(2):179-199
Recent conceptual and technological solutions to biodiversityassessment allow large numbers of invertebrate specimens to beprocessed rapidly and provide researchers and practitioners with a unique tool for characterizing habitats. One applicationof these advances is the ability to detect and monitor small-scale habitat heterogeneity and so provide a measure of ecosystem restoration. This case study presents a test of theefficacy of using invertebrates to assess and monitor ecologicalrestoration following bush regeneration. Eight contiguous habitatpatches within a suburb of northern Sydney, Australia, were selected to represent areas that had undergone different bushregeneration techniques. A nearby and relatively undisturbed area of bushland was also sampled. A total of 57 806 ground-active invertebrate specimens from 35 different orders were collected in pitfall traps. 1 246 ant (Formicidae) specimens were further sorted into 46 ant morphospecies from20 genera. Analyses of the three taxonomic data sets, includingtwo different data transformations, demonstrated that: (i) invertebrate communities successfully characterized different sites, providing a high degree of differentiation among sites;(ii) ordinations of the sites allowed visual assessment of theimpact of each management technique on the habitat relativeto undisturbed habitats; and (iii) characterization of sitescould be achieved using abundance classes or binary countsof ant morphospecies, representing potential cost and timesavings. The project duration was a total of three personweeks and cost less than US$3,000 (1999 prices) to complete.Measurement of invertebrate assemblages will provide a toolfor both rapid assessment of management decisions and ameans by which to implement adaptive management and restoration. 相似文献
18.
Harbott EL Grace MR Angus Webb J Hart BT 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(9):861-868
The activity of six extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation of dissolved organic carbon compounds was measured in two highly urbanised and two minimally impacted streams east of Melbourne, Australia, using 4-methylumbelliferyl-substrates. Small-scale temporal variation in enzyme activity was determined by repeatedly sampling the same point in the water column, while the effect of flow was determined by sampling in regions of higher and lower flow in both stream types. Replicate samples showed that enzyme activity was not significantly different over small (minutes) time scales. On five of six sampling occasions the enzyme activity was unaffected by flow. On one sampling occasion in a minimally disturbed stream, the difference between the high- and low-flow regions was statistically significant (ANOSIM, Global R= 0.78, P= 0.03). Enzyme activity profiles (activities of the suite of enzymes) of the streams in urbanised catchments were different to those in minimally disturbed catchments. The measurements made in four different streams showed high reproducibility over short time periods (minutes) which lends greater credibility to analogous spatial studies. Although these results determined that small-scale temporal variability was not significant, and that the effects of flow were generally minimal, it is recommended that spatial and temporal variability in the stream be at least considered before any studies measuring extracellular enzyme activity in stream waters are carried out. Such an approach will lead to conclusions from measurements that are not likely to be confounded by variables such as flow rate or time. 相似文献
19.
We developed logistic regression models from data on biotic and abiotic variables for 172 sites on Banks Peninsula, New Zealand,
to predict the probability of occurrence of two diadromous fish, banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) and koaro (G. brevipinnis). Banded kokopu occurrence was positively associated with small streams and low-intensity land uses (e.g., sheep grazing
or forested), whereas intensive land uses (e.g., mixed sheep and cattle farming) and lack of riparian forest cover impacted
negatively on occurrence at sampled sites. Also, if forests were positioned predominantly in lowland areas, banded kokopu
occurrence declined with increasing distance to stream mouth. Koaro occurrence was positively influenced by catchment forest
cover, high stream altitudes, and areas of no farming activity or mixed land uses. Intensive land uses, distance to stream
mouth, and presence of banded kokopu negatively influenced koaro occupancy of stream reaches. Banded kokopu and koaro presence
was predicted in 86.0% and 83.7% agreement, respectively, with field observations. We used the models to quantify the amount
of stream reaches that would be of good, moderate, and poor quality, based on the probability of occurrences of the fish being
greater than 0.75, between 0.75 and 0.5, or less than 0.5, respectively. Hindcasting using historical data on vegetation cover
undertaken for one catchment, Pigeon Bay, showed they would have occupied most of the waterway before anthropogenic modification.
We also modeled potential future scenarios to project potential fish distribution. 相似文献
20.
This paper addresses public participation in sustainability initiatives and in the development of sustainable communities. In particular, it examines two models of public participation in environmental policy, referred to as 'information deficit models', and 'deliberative and inclusionary processes and procedures' (DIPS). The difference between the two models will be examined through the framework of the US discourse of 'civic environmentalism'. Using both examples and an analysis of recent literature, a distinction between 'narrow focus' and 'broad focus' civic environmentalism will be presented. It is argued that 'information deficit models' of public participation usually associated with 'narrow focus' civic environmentalism can successfully contribute to the 'environmental' aspects of sustainable communities. The paper concludes that DIPS and the greater sharing of control by citizens, non-governmental organizations and local governments offered by 'broad focus' civic environmentalism, are far more likely to result in a greater social capital, and a holistic appreciation of the inextricable links between environmental, social and economic characteristics of sustainable communities. 相似文献