全文获取类型
收费全文 | 358篇 |
免费 | 5篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 43篇 |
废物处理 | 13篇 |
环保管理 | 68篇 |
综合类 | 65篇 |
基础理论 | 83篇 |
污染及防治 | 66篇 |
评价与监测 | 19篇 |
社会与环境 | 10篇 |
灾害及防治 | 2篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 14篇 |
2015年 | 8篇 |
2014年 | 12篇 |
2013年 | 29篇 |
2012年 | 18篇 |
2011年 | 20篇 |
2010年 | 17篇 |
2009年 | 22篇 |
2008年 | 23篇 |
2007年 | 13篇 |
2006年 | 18篇 |
2005年 | 11篇 |
2004年 | 8篇 |
2003年 | 13篇 |
2002年 | 8篇 |
2001年 | 9篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 3篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 6篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有369条查询结果,搜索用时 359 毫秒
61.
Andrea L. Jaeger Miehls Doran M. Mason Kenneth A. Frank Ann E. Krause Scott D. Peacor William W. Taylor 《Ecological modelling》2009,220(22):3194
Exotic species invasion is widely considered to affect ecosystem structure and function. Yet, few contemporary approaches can assess the effects of exotic species invasion at such an inclusive level. Our research presents one of the first attempts to examine the effects of an exotic species at the ecosystem level in a quantifiable manner. We used ecological network analysis (ENA) and a social network analysis (SNA) method called cohesion analysis to examine the effect of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) invasion on the Oneida Lake, New York, USA, food web. We used ENA to quantify ecosystem function through an analysis of food web carbon transfer that explicitly incorporated flow over all food web paths (direct and indirect). The cohesion analysis assessed ecosystem structure through an organization of food web members into subgroups of strongly interacting predators and prey. Our analysis detected effects of zebra mussel invasion throughout the entire Oneida Lake food web, including changes in trophic flow efficiency (i.e., carbon flow among trophic levels) and alterations of food web organization (i.e., paths of carbon flow) and ecosystem activity (i.e., total carbon flow). ENA indicated that zebra mussels altered food web function by shunting carbon from pelagic to benthic pathways, increasing dissipative flow loss, and decreasing ecosystem activity. SNA revealed the strength of zebra mussel perturbation as evidenced by a reorganization of food web subgroup structure, with a decrease in importance of pelagic pathways, a concomitant rise of benthic pathways, and a reorganization of interactions between top predator fish. Together, these analyses allowed for a holistic understanding of the effects of zebra mussel invasion on the Oneida Lake food web. 相似文献
62.
Bea Merckx Peter Goethals Maaike Steyaert Ann Vanreusel Magda Vincx Jan Vanaverbeke 《Ecological modelling》2009
In this paper, we investigated: (1) the predictability of different aspects of biodiversity, (2) the effect of spatial autocorrelation on the predictability and (3) the environmental variables affecting the biodiversity of free-living marine nematodes on the Belgian Continental Shelf. An extensive historical database of free-living marine nematodes was employed to model different aspects of biodiversity: species richness, evenness, and taxonomic diversity. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), often considered as “black boxes”, were applied as a modeling tool. Three methods were used to reveal these “black boxes” and to identify the contributions of each environmental variable to the diversity indices. Since spatial autocorrelation is known to introduce bias in spatial analyses, Moran's I was used to test the spatial dependency of the diversity indices and the residuals of the model. The best predictions were made for evenness. Although species richness was quite accurately predicted as well, the residuals indicated a lack of performance of the model. Pure taxonomic diversity shows high spatial variability and is difficult to model. The biodiversity indices show a strong spatial dependency, opposed to the residuals of the models, indicating that the environmental variables explain the spatial variability of the diversity indices adequately. The most important environmental variables structuring evenness are clay and sand fraction, and the minimum annual total suspended matter. Species richness is also affected by the intensity of sand extraction and the amount of gravel of the sea bed. 相似文献
63.
ABSTRACT: Vermont is one of approximately half a dozen states for which no official drought mitigation plan exists. Given the recurring nature of this natural hazard, current contingency measures should be expanded upon into a coherent mitigation framework. The types of drought and impacts resulting from the 1998 to 1999 event were the focus of a previous article in this volume. The present article builds on the understanding of drought characteristics specific to the Vermont context and introduces the rationale behind a proposed drought planning framework. Pivotal organizations and institutions that should be involved in this process are also presented. 相似文献
64.
Assessment of GM Crops in Commercial Agriculture 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The caliber of recent discourse regarding geneticallymodified organisms (GMOs) has suffered from a lack of consensuson terminology, from the scarcity of evidence upon which toassess risk to health and to the environment, and from valuedifferences between proponents and opponents of GMOs. Towardsaddressing these issues, we present the thesis that GM should bedefined as the forcible insertion of DNA into a host genome,irrespective of the source of the DNA, and exclusive ofconventional or mutation breeding.Some defenders of the commercial use of GMOs have referred to thescientific work of GMO critics as ``junk science.' Such a claim isfalse and misleading, given that many papers critical of both theutility and safety of GMOs have been published in peer reviewedjournals by respected scientists. In contrast, there is a dearthof peer reviewed work to substantiate the frequently heardassertions of either safety or utility in GMOs. The polarity,which now characterizes much of the public discourse on GMOs,reflects not simply scientific disagreement, but alsodisagreement in underlying value assumptions. Value differencesstrongly affect the assessment of both benefit and harm fromGMOs.The concept of substantial equivalence occupies a pivotalposition in the GMO risk assessment process that is used in bothCanada and the US. A GMO judged to be substantially equivalent toa conventional product – as have all submissions to date – ispresumed to be safe enough for commercialization. The conclusionof safety – from both human health and environmental perspectives– should be based on scientific evidence, corroborated by actualexperimentation. However, regulators infer safety largely fromassumptions-based reasoning, with little or no experimentalvalidation. The judgement of safety because of substantialequivalence is a dubious argument by analogy. 相似文献
65.
Mate availability can vary widely in nature depending upon population density and sex ratio and can affect the ability of
individuals to be selective in mate choice. We tested the effects of prior encounters with the opposite sex (i.e., exposure
to the opposite sex either with or without mating) on subsequent mating behavior in two experiments that manipulated mate
availability for both males and females in the wolf spider, Hogna helluo. The probability of mating in the experimental trial depended upon whether the prior encounter involved mating or not, and
males and females responded in opposite directions. Exposure without mating resulted in a higher subsequent frequency of mating
for females and a lower subsequent frequency of mating for males, while prior mating experience resulted in a lower frequency
of female remating and a higher frequency of male remating. Prior exposure without mating did not affect female aggression.
However, mated females engaged in precopulatory cannibalism more frequently than virgins. Mated males escaped postcopulatory
cannibalism more frequently than virgins. Our results show that males respond to exposure without mating in the expected manner.
However, prior mating (1 week earlier) had unexpected effects on males, which may be due to mated males being of higher quality.
There were little or no effects of the size of the prior exposure individual or mate on subsequent mating behaviors. Further
research is needed to determine why different species use different degrees of prior information in mate choice. 相似文献
66.
In this study, pulverized fuel ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) were used to compensate for the loss of strength and durability of concrete containing recycled aggregate. As a result, 30% PFA and 65% GGBS concretes increased the compressive strength to the level of control specimens cast with natural granite gravel, but the tensile strength was still lowered at 28 days. Replacement with PFA and GGBS was effective in raising the resistance to chloride ion penetrability into the concrete body, measured by a rapid chloride ion penetration test based on ASTM C 1202-91. It was found that the corrosion rate of 30% PFA and 65% GGBS concretes was kept at a lower level after corrosion initiation, compared to the control specimens, presumably due to the restriction of oxygen and water access. However, it was less effective in increasing the chloride threshold level for steel corrosion. Hence, it is expected that the corrosion time for 30% PFA and 65% GGBS concrete containing recycled aggregate mostly equates to the corrosion-free life of control specimens. 相似文献
67.
Jordan Ann Kevan de Haan 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(3):171-173
Currently, there is a need for a better multidisciplinary education system for tropical conservation, as well as a need for
more people from developing countries to receive such improved education and training. If this combination is achieved, universities
in both developed and developing nations will likely produce graduates who are better prepared for jobs involving non-academic
tropical conservation initiatives and, simultaneously produce graduates who may be better accepted as conservationists in
tropical destinations. 相似文献
68.
69.
Factors Affecting Population Assessments of Desert Tortoises 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jerome E. Freilich ‡ Kenneth P. Burnham † Christopher M. Collins and C. Ann Garry 《Conservation biology》2000,14(5):1479-1489
Abstract: Desert tortoises have been a subject of controversy since their listing as threatened in 1990. With a wide geographic range and more living individuals than any other listed land animal, biologists have needed to detect population trends against a "noisy" background of strong annual changes. We obtained annual population estimates of desert tortoises over 6 consecutive years at a 2.59-km2 plot in Joshua Tree National Park, California. Our estimates, based on weekly spring surveys, varied substantially, particularly between wet and dry years. Concurrently, we followed 10 radiotagged animals for 3 years to corroborate the surveys. Population density was determined separately for each year and for all years combined. Our best population estimate was an average of 67 adult tortoises, three times more than the density reported in a 1978 survey of the same site. Annual mortality was low ( <10%), and the animals showed extreme site fidelity. Apparent changes in population size were most strongly related to the animals' varying susceptibility to capture. In dry years, home ranges decreased, captures decreased, and effort required to find each tortoise nearly doubled. Our data confirm that tortoises are likely to be undercounted during dry years and call into question earlier studies conducted during droughts. 相似文献
70.
Bioenergy to save the world 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schröder P Herzig R Bojinov B Ruttens A Nehnevajova E Stamatiadis S Memon A Vassilev A Caviezel M Vangronsveld J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(3):196-204
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Following to the 2006 climate summit, the European Union formally set the goal of limiting global warming to 2 degrees Celsius. But even today, climate change is already affecting people and ecosystems. Examples are melting glaciers and polar ice, reports about thawing permafrost areas, dying coral reefs, rising sea levels, changing ecosystems and fatal heat periods. Within the last 150 years, CO2 levels rose from 280 ppm to currently over 400 ppm. If we continue on our present course, CO2 equivalent levels could approach 600 ppm by 2035. However, if CO2 levels are not stabilized at the 450-550 ppm level, the consequences could be quite severe. Hence, if we do not act now, the opportunity to stabilise at even 550 ppm is likely to slip away. Long-term stabilisation will require that CO2 emissions ultimately be reduced to more than 80% below current levels. This will require major changes in how we operate. RESULTS: Reducing greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels seems to be the most promising approach to counterbalance the dramatic climate changes we would face in the near future. It is clear since the Kyoto protocol that the availability of fossil carbon resources will not match our future requirements. Furthermore, the distribution of fossil carbon sources around the globe makes them an even less reliable source in the future. We propose to screen crop and non-crop species for high biomass production and good survival on marginal soils as well as to produce mutants from the same species by chemical mutagenesis or related methods. These plants, when grown in adequate crop rotation, will provide local farming communities with biomass for the fermentation in decentralized biogas reactors, and the resulting nitrogen rich manure can be distributed on the fields to improve the soil. DISCUSSION: Such an approach will open new economic perspectives to small farmers, and provide a clever way to self sufficient and sustainable rural development. Together with the present economic reality, where energy and raw material prices have drastically increased over the last decade, they necessitate the development and the establishment of alternative concepts. CONCLUSIONS: Biotechnology is available to apply fast breeding to promising energy plant species. It is important that our valuable arable land is preserved for agriculture. The opportunity to switch from low-income agriculture to biogas production may convince small farmers to adhere to their business and by that preserve the identity of rural communities. PERSPECTIVES: Overall, biogas is a promising alternative for the future, because its resource base is widely available, and single farms or small local cooperatives might start biogas plant operation. 相似文献