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871.
Urbanization decreases species diversity, but it increases the abundance of certain species with high tolerance to human activities.
The safe-habitat hypothesis explains this pattern through a decrease in the abundance of native predators, which reduces predation
risk in urban habitats. However, this hypothesis does not consider the potential negative effects of human-associated disturbance
(e.g., pedestrians, dogs, cats). Our goal was to assess the degree of perceived predation risk in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) through field studies and semi-natural experiments in areas with different levels of urbanization using multiple indicators
of risk (flock size, flight initiation distance, vigilance, and foraging behavior). Field studies showed that house finches
in more urbanized habitats had a greater tendency to flock with an increase in population density and flushed at larger distances
than in less urbanized habitats. In the semi-natural experiment, we found that individuals spent a greater proportion of time
in the refuge patch and increased the instantaneous pecking rate in the more urbanized habitat with pedestrians probably to
compensate for the lower amount of foraging time. Vigilance parameters were influenced in different ways depending on habitat
type and distance to flock mates. Our results suggest that house finches may perceive highly urbanized habitats as more dangerous,
despite the lower number of native predators. This could be due to the presence of human activities, which could increase
risk or modify the ability to detect predators. House finches seem to adapt to the urban environment through different behavioral
strategies that minimize risk. 相似文献
872.
Anna Laine Terhi Riutta Sari Juutinen Minna Vliranta Eeva-Stiina Tuittila 《Ecological modelling》2009,220(20):2646-2655
Chamber method is commonly used to measure the CO2 exchange from plant communities. Due to low time resolution, actual measurements reflect only momentary CO2 exchange rates. Therefore, a common way to derive seasonal or annual estimates is to establish models describing the response of CO2 exchange to environmental variables, and then to reconstruct the CO2 exchange over the desired time period. There are several alternative ways to obtain the CO2 balance for the entire mire: models can be parameterized by individual sample plots, plant communities or the entire site. Similarly, the CO2 balance can be reconstructed by plots, plant communities or the entire site. We tested how the choice of the modelling and reconstruction approach influences the CO2 exchange estimates for the entire mire and for individual sample plots and plant communities. We measured the CO2 exchange in a spatially heterogeneous sedge-dominated northern aapa mire for two growing seasons. We observed high spatial variation in CO2 balance between the plant communities. We noticed that when the CO2 balances of individual sample plots or plant communities are of interest, using a model appropriate for the entire site may result in biased estimates. In worst case the different modelling approaches may turn the CO2 balance of an individual sample plot from positive to negative. Further, while using the whole ecosystem approach in modelling, the superior ability of chamber method in acknowledging spatial variation is lost. While the modelled growing season CO2 balance of the mire ranged from 232 to 625 g CO2 m−2 depending on the chosen modelling and reconstruction approach, the average estimates still remained within the uncertainty range of one another. Acknowledgement of the spatial variation in plant community level makes the areal estimate more robust to varying weather conditions. Further, the reliability of estimates is improved by explicit formulation of the choices behind the modelling and reconstruction units reflecting the study objectives. 相似文献
873.
Manuel B. Morales Fabián Casas Eladio García de la Morena Anna Ponjoan Gustau Calabuig Jesús Martínez-Padilla Jesús T. García Santi Mañosa Javier Viñuela Gerard Bota 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(9):1493-1504
We evaluated the effect of conspecific abundance and habitat quality of leks on the territorial behaviour of males in an exploded lekking species, the Little Bustard (Tetrax tetrax). The hypothesis that males more intensely defend territories with higher conspecific abundance and better habitat quality was evaluated experimentally analysing the agonistic response of experimental males to male decoys placed on their displaying areas. Decoy experiments showed that the intensity of display territory defence by little bustard males is density dependent. The time experimental males took to return to their display sites after decoy placement decreased with abundance of both males and females. The strength of their final response was positively associated to local male and female abundance in the vicinity of their display sites. Habitat quality also influenced males’ display territory defence since the intensity of male response increased with the degree of natural vegetation cover. Habitat quality was particularly relevant in explaining variation of experimental males’ snort call rate, which decreased with the degree in plough cover and increased with the number of fields in the lekking area. Snort call rate decreased with the level of male aggregation and was lowest in males exhibiting the strongest aggressive response to decoys. These results add new evidence for the density dependence of species’ breeding territorial behaviour, supporting density-dependent models of lek formation and reinforcing the role of resources defence in exploded lek mating systems. 相似文献
874.
Vincenzo Penteriani María del Mar Delgado Anna Kuparinen Pertti Saurola Jari Valkama Eino Salo Jere Toivola Adrian Aebischer Raphaël Arlettaz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(5):743-747
Upon leaving their natal area, dispersers are confronted with unknown terrains. Species-specific perceptual ranges (i.e. the maximum distance from which an individual can perceive landscape features) play a crucial role in spatial movement decisions during such wanderings. In nocturnal animals that rely on vision, perceptual range is dramatically enhanced during moonlight, compared to moonless conditions. This increase of the perceptual range is an overlooked element that may be responsible for the successful crossing of unfamiliar areas during dispersal. The information gathered from 143 radio-tagged eagle owl Bubo bubo juveniles in Spain, Finland and Switzerland shows that, although the decision to initiate dispersal is mainly an endogenous phenomenon determined by the attainment of a given age (~6 months), dispersers leave their birthplace primarily under the best light conditions at night, i.e. when most of the lunar disc is illuminated. This sheds new light into the mechanisms that may trigger dispersal from parental territory. 相似文献
875.
Anna Marszałek Grażyna Grabowska Krzysztof Łężak The Secret Study Group 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2019,25(2):268-277
Research into newly developed ballistic vests to be worn by police officers under clothing was carried out with air temperature conditions of +20 °C. A ballistic vest should incorporate protective features, comfort and ergonomics. The thermal strain on users who wore the vests was evaluated as an average and individually, after they had been conditioned in high (+50 °C), low (?40 °C) or neutral (+20 °C) air temperatures, while performing various occupational activities. Research involved six police officers aged 36–42 years, who wore civilian clothing used in moderate environmental conditions. During the tests, physiological parameters (internal temperature, local skin temperatures and amount of sweat secreted) were determined. The ease of doing exercises while wearing the vests, vest service and level of discomfort in use were assessed. Research showed that the vests tested, both as an average and individually, meet the requirements of Standard No. PN-V-87000:2011 (clause 4.5). 相似文献
876.
877.
878.
The honey bee dance language, used to recruit nestmates to food sources, is regarded by many as one of the most intriguing communication systems in animals. What were the ecological circumstances that favoured its evolution? We examined this question by creating experimental phenotypes in which the location information of the dances was obscured. Surprisingly, in two temperate habitats, these colonies performed only insignificantly worse than colonies which were able to communicate normally. However, foraging efficiency was substantially impaired in an Asian tropical forest following this manipulation. This indicates that dance language communication about food source locations may be important in some habitats, but not in others. Combining published data and our own, we assessed the clustering of bee forage sites in a variety of habitats by evaluating the bees’ dances. We found that the indicated sites are more clustered in tropical than in temperate habitats. This supports the hypothesis that in the context of foraging, the dance language is an adaptation to the particular habitats in which the honey bees evolved. We discuss our findings in relation to spatial aggregation patterns of floral food in temperate and tropical habitats. 相似文献
879.
Lorenz Poellinger Anna Wilhelmsson Johan Lund Jan-ke Gustafsson 《Chemosphere》1986,15(9-12):1681-1686
An assessment of the physicochemical characteristics of the rat hepatic receptors for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and for corticosteroid hormones reveals striking analogies between both receptor systems. 相似文献
880.
Anna Sténs Therese Bjärstig Eva-Maria Nordström Camilla Sandström Clas Fries Johanna Johansson 《Ambio》2016,45(2):87-99
This study examines which kinds of social benefits derived from forests are emphasised by Swedish stakeholders and what governance modes and management tools they accept. Our study shows that there exists a great variety among stakeholders’ perceptions of forests’ social values, where tourism and recreation is the most common reference. There are also differences in preferred governance modes and management where biomass and bioenergy sectors advocate business as usual (i.e. framework regulations and voluntarism) and other stakeholders demand rigid tools (i.e. coercion and targeting) and improved landscape planning. This divide will have implications for future policy orientations and require deliberative policy processes and improved dialogue among stakeholders and authorities. We suggest that there is a potential for these improvements, since actors from almost all stakeholder groups support local influence on governance and management, acknowledged and maintained either by the authorities, i.e. targeting, or by the stakeholders themselves, i.e. voluntarism. 相似文献