浅论总量排污收费制度的实施效果

总量排污收费制度克服了原有收费制度的弊端，是我国排污收费制度改革的方向。本文以杭州市实施总量排污收费试点为例，证明了这项新的收费制度在促进企业治理污染，改善环境质量中所产生的作用。     

Occurrence of selected antibiotics in Jiulongjiang River in various seasons, South China

The concentrations of six sulfonamides (SAs) and three tetracyclines (TCs) were investigated in Jiulongjiang River during the low water season and the high water season. They were monitored in both surface water and sediment. Total concentrations of all these antibiotics varied from 31 to 25,771 ng g(-1) in sediment samples. In water they ranged from 60 to 2607 ng L(-1) during the low water season and from ND (not detected) to 134 ng L(-1) during the high water season. At the sites nearby breeding farms, chlorotetracycline was found to have the highest concentration of 1036 ng L(-1) in water and 14,666 ng g(-1) in sediments. According to the published data, the concentrations of sulfamethazine, sulfameter and TCs at these sites were higher than that in most rivers. The concentrations during the low water season were tens to hundreds of times higher than that in the high water season. The lower concentrations of TCs in the high water season might result from both dilution and photo-degradation, while dilution and bio-degradation might lead to the lower concentrations of SAs. However, further study is needed to clarify the specific reasons. Concerning the relationship between sediment and water samples, the pseudo-partitioning values of TCs were much higher than SAs. It indicates that the TCs are prone to accumulate in the sediment.     

Spatial distribution, electron microscopy analysis of titanium and its correlation to heavy metals: occurrence and sources of titanium nanomaterials in surface sediments from Xiamen Bay, China

Titanium nanomaterials are likely to sink into sediments in substantial quantities due to their wide use in a number of applications for decades. To assess the potential environmental consequences, a better understanding is required of the occurrence and sources of titanium (Ti) nanomaterials in sediments. In this research, we provide the first report of the Ti concentrations and the morphology and composition of Ti-based solids in surface sediments from Xiamen Bay, China. Results indicated that the anthropogenic Ti concentrations in the surface sediments from Xiamen Bay reached approximately 2.74 g kg(-1). Ti nanomaterials could be found in sediments with elevated Ti concentrations, which were often aggregated to a few hundred nanometers (<300 nm) and were composed of several spherical particles, less than 50 nm in size, that were made solely of TiO(x). However, Ti particles (approx. 300-700 nm) could be also found in sediments with lower Ti concentrations, which were presumably components of the natural clay mineral kaolinite. Ti nanomaterials could be easily distributed in sediments associated with elevated levels of organic matter and preferentially attach to those sediments with elevated fine fractions. As a sentinel, or tracer, for other nanomaterials, the field-scale investigation of Ti nanomaterials would contribute to increasing our knowledge on the behavior of engineered nanomaterials in an aquatic environment.     

关于“五水共治”的若干法律问题的思考

水的经济价值和生态价值对人类社会的发展起到了决定性的作用。随着农业发展和工业进步,水资源匮乏,生活用水不洁净等引发的水危机已经不断地引发社会矛盾。为此浙江省提出了“治污水、防洪水、排涝水、保供水、抓节水———‘五水共治’”的目标,明确了地方政府的责任与义务,但治理效果并不乐观。环保法的修订为“五水共治”提供了坚实的理论基础,并从确立全流域综合生态管理、建立水体保护的综合协调机制等方面提出了浙江省水资源治理策略。     

Water Environmental Degradation of the Heihe River Basin in Arid Northwestern China

Water environmental degradation is a major issue in the Heihe River Basin belonging to the inland river basin of temperate arid zone in northwestern China. Mankind’s activities, such as dense population and heavy dependence on irrigated agriculture, place immense pressure on available and limited water resources during the last century, especially the recent five decades. An investigation on the water environmental degradation in the Heihe River Basin and analysis of its causation were conducted. The results indicated that water environmental changes in the whole basin were tremendous mostly in the middle reaches, which reflected in surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality. Some new forms of management based on traditional and scientific knowledge must be introduced to solve problems of water environmental degradation in the Heihe River Basin.     

光合细菌处理维生素B12废水影响因素的试验研究

利用正交试验设计研究pH值、光照时间和温度等生长因子对光合细菌处理维生素B₁₂废水效果的影响，结果表明，当pH为7.0、昼夜自然光照、温度为30℃时，净化效果最佳，并对不同溶解氧条件下的废水处理效果进行了对比试验。     

污水处理厂脱氮效果及相关参数的分析

通过对长沙某污水处理厂进行24 h水质、水量的监测,分析了其Carrousel氧化沟处理污水的特点.从脱氮的原理出发,结合流速、溶解氧等运行参数的考察,发现造成脱氮效果不好的主要原因是沟内缺少厌氧区段,提出改进措施,从宏观改善流体的流动人手,以达到调控溶解氧传递的目的,既而促进微观的硝化与反硝化反应,提高污水处理效果.     

用SOS/Umu生物测试评价北方某自来水厂对遗传毒性物质的去除效果

大量研究表明,饮用水中存在着能导致遗传毒性的物质,在我国许多水厂水质检测能力有限的前提下,生物毒性指标作为反映有毒物质综合指标具有重要的现实意义.本研究应用SOS/Umu生物毒性测试评价了北方某市一自来水厂的A、B、C、D 4套试验工艺在不同的季节(冬春两季)各工艺段出水的遗传毒性效应.结果显示,冬春两季地表水加氯后遗传毒性效应均显著增加,冬季间接遗传毒性效应高于春季;活性炭吸附对去除遗传毒性物质效果显著,但后期加氯使遗传毒性效应增加;冬春两季比较,以及地下水和地表水比较,各工艺出水的遗传毒性效应差别很大.通过研究表明,本研究所应用的生物毒性测试SOS/Umu能够快速、准确地对水厂工艺过程中致突变物质的处理效果进行评价,能对工艺改进提出指导,是自来水质安全性评价的重要补充手段.     

代谢表面活性剂菌处理含油污泥的研究

试验采用异位生物修复技术堆肥法,对某炼厂油泥进行生物修复处理研究.用微生物代谢的表面活性剂对油泥进行预处理,洗脱油泥中部分油分后进行堆肥试验,投加从油田含油土壤中获得的以石油为唯一碳源、代谢高效生物表面活性剂的微生物C-2菌、F-2菌以及无机营养物和疏松剂(锯末),降解油泥中的石油污染物.经过外源微生物和内源微生物共同作用120 d,油泥中的石油烃总量由22 910 mg/kg下降到3 000 mg/kg以下.试验利用色谱-质谱联用方法分析了降解前后石油组分的变化.菌株经传统方法鉴定为蜡状芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌.     

A comparison between sludge ash and fly ash on the improvement in soft soil

In this study, the strength of soft cohesive subgrade soil was improved by applying sewage sludge ash as a soil stabilizer. Test results obtained were compared with earlier tests conducted on soil samples treated with fly ash. Five different proportions of sludge ash and fly ash were mixed with soft cohesive soil, and tests such as pH value, compaction, California bearing ratio, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and triaxial compression were performed to understand soil strength improvement because of the addition of both ashes. Results indicate that pH values increase with extending curing age for soil with sludge ash added. The UCS of sludge ash/soil were 1.4-2 times better than untreated soil. However, compressive strength of sludge ash/soil was 20-30 kPa less than fly ash/soil. The bearing capacities for both fly ash/soil and sludge ash/soil were five to six times and four times, respectively, higher than the original capacity. Moreover, the cohesive parameter of shear strength rose with increased amounts of either ash added. Friction angle, however, decreased with increased amounts of either ash. Consequently, results show that sewage sludge ash can potentially replace fly ash in the improvement of the soft cohesive soil.