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931.
Budziak D Richard L Beltrame E Carasek E 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,127(1-3):435-444
Formation of trihalomethanes (THM) was monitored at the Laboratório de Camarões Marinhos (LCM) from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. THM could be present because chlorinated effluents from disinfection are discharged from the different hatchery rooms. THM quantification was done through an analytical methodology using Purge&;Trap coupled with a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Relative standard deviation (RSD), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the methodology corresponded to the ranges of 8–17%; 0.01–0.03 μg L?1 and 0.03–0.08 μg L?1, respectively. Linear working range was of 0.1–8.0 μg L?1 for all compounds. Enrichment and recovery method was applied to evaluate possible matrix effects and the results varied from 71.2% to 107.9%. LCM was monitored between August and December, 2004. This study showed that THM did not increase with the increase in postlarvae production and also that the aquatic life and the surrounding environment were not affected. 相似文献
932.
The atmosphere is a particularly difficult analytical system because of the very low levels of substances to be analysed,
sharp variations in pollutant levels with time and location, differences in wind, temperature and humidity. This makes the
selection of an efficient sampling technique for air analysis a key step to reliable results. Generally, methods for volatile
organic compounds sampling include collection of the whole air or preconcentration of samples on adsorbents. All the methods
vary from each other according to the sampling technique, type of sorbent, method of extraction and identification technique.
In this review paper we discuss various important aspects for sampling of volatile organic compounds by the widely used and
advanced sampling methods. Characteristics of various adsorbents used for VOCs sampling are also described. Furthermore, this
paper makes an effort to comprehensively review the concentration levels of volatile organic compounds along with the methodology
used for analysis, in major cities of the world. 相似文献
933.
Holoubek I Klánová J Jarkovský J Kubík V Helesic J 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(6):564-571
A multimedia sampling of ambient air, wet deposition, surface water, sediment, soil and biota has been performed at Kosetice background observatory in the southern Czech Republic since 1988. An integrated monitoring approach was applied to assess the current state, anthropogenic impacts, and possible future changes of terrestrial and freshwater environments. Average PCB concentrations in the individual matrices calculated from ten years of sampling on multiple sites varied between 2 ng g(-1) in sediment and 7 ng g(-1) in soil or moss. DDT concentrations were lower in moss and needles (2 ng g(-1) and 4 ng g(-1), respectively) than in sediment (11 ng g(-1)) and soil (20 ng g(-1)), while the HCH level was higher in moss and needles (5 ng g(-1) and 6 ng g(-1), respectively) than in soil or sediment (1 ng g(-1) and 2 ng g(-1), respectively). The highest average level of PAHs was found in soil (600 ng g(-1)), while it was lower in needles (230 ng g(-1)), moss (210 ng g(-1)) or sediment (210 ng g(-1)). Time related trends of concentration levels of persistent organic pollutants in all matrices were investigated. Moss and needle trend patterns resembled those of the ambient air, showing a slight concentration decrease of all compounds, except for hexachlorobenzene. The soil, water and sediment concentrations showed a similar decrease of PAHs, PCBs, and HCHs, but there was no clear trend for DDTs and HCB. 相似文献
934.
The pathway for the flow of salt-marsh grass production into marsh food-webs is still not well defined. We compared the abilities
of three marsh macroinvertebrates [salt marsh periwinkles, Littoraria irrorata (Say) (=Littorina irrorata), salt-marsh coffee-bean snails, Melampus bidentatus (Say); and a talitrid amphipod, Uhlorchestia spartinophila Bounsfield and Heard] to access standing-dead leaves of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel). The invertebrates were incubated with naturally-decaying leaves, and the rates of removal of organic matter and
living fungal biomass (ergosterol) were measured. The impact of invertebrate activity upon fungal growth rates was measured
as rates of fungal-membrane synthesis (incorporation of radioacetate into ergosterol). The removal rates of organic leaf biomass
per mg individual biomass were highest for amphipods (700 μg mg−1 d−1) and lowest for periwinkles (90 μg mg−1 d−1), but the relatively large biomass of the snails made their removal rates per individual greater than those of amphipods.
Net removal of ergosterol by all three invertebrates was >50% for yellow-brown (early-decay) leaf blades. For fully-brown
(advanced-decay) blades, >50% removal of ergosterol was found only for periwinkles; exposure to coffee-bean snails and amphipods
resulted in a net ergosterol reduction of ≤20%. The lower net reduction of living fungal biomass by coffee-bean snails and
amphipods may have been due to fungal-growth stimulation (2.3-fold stimulation in coffee-bean snails and 1.5-fold stimulation
in amphipods). Grazing by periwinkles did not stimulate fungal growth, possibly because of its high intensity. Grazing by
these three salt-marsh shredders may affect marsh-grass shoot-decay in different ways. Periwinkles may abbreviate the period
of fungal production, and incorporate the decaying material relatively quickly into snail biomass and fecal-pellet rain to
the sediments. Coffee-bean snails and amphipods may enhance and prolong fungal production, along with the formation of fecal-pellet
rain. All three invertebrates fed preferentially on leaf blades rather than leaf sheaths, and feeding rates of gastropods
were higher during the night than during the day.
Received: 25 November 1998 / Accepted: 4 November 1999 相似文献
935.
Alonso R Elvira S Sanz MJ Gerosa G Emberson LD Bermejo V Gimeno BS 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(3):473-480
A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites. 相似文献
936.
In field arsenic removal from natural water by zero-valent iron assisted by solar radiation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cornejo L Lienqueo H Arenas M Acarapi J Contreras D Yáñez J Mansilla HD 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):827-831
An in situ arsenic removal method applicable to highly contaminated water is presented. The method is based in the use of steel wool, lemon juice and solar radiation. The method was evaluated using water from the Camarones River, Atacama Desert in northern Chile, in which the arsenic concentration ranges between 1000 and 1300 μg L−1. Response surface method analysis was used to optimize the amount of zero-valent iron (steel wool) and the citrate concentration (lemon juice) to be used. The optimal conditions when using solar radiation to remove arsenic from natural water from the Camarones river are: 1.3 g L−1 of steel wool and one drop (ca. 0.04 mL) of lemon juice. Under these conditions, removal percentages are higher than 99.5% and the final arsenic concentration is below 10 μg L−1. This highly effective arsenic removal method is easy to use and inexpensive to implement. 相似文献
937.
Romero-Ruiz A Alhama J Blasco J Gómez-Ariza JL López-Barea J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1340-1347
Metallothionein (MT) and other biomarker levels were measured in Scrobicularia plana clams to assess pollution of the Guadalquivir Estuary possibly affected by metals released from Aznalcóllar pyrite mine in 1998. After optimizing reagent concentrations for monobromobimane derivatization, MT levels were quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection (RP-HPLC-FD) in heated or unheated digestive gland extracts and compared to those obtained by differential pulse polarography (DPP). MT content assayed by RP-HPLC-FD in unheated samples was higher than that obtained by DPP and correlated better with metals and anti-oxidant activities. MT assay by RP-HPLC-FD in unheated extracts would be preferable for assessing metal pollution, due to its greater sensitivity and specificity. In addition to MT induction, glyoxalase II inhibition was well correlated with metal contents. Our results suggest that metals at the estuary do not originate from Aznalcóllar spill, but from those carried along by the river and deposited at its concave bank. 相似文献
938.
Levels of perfluorochemicals in water samples from Catalonia,Spain: is drinking water a significant contribution to human exposure? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ericson I Nadal M van Bavel B Lindström G Domingo JL 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):614-619
Background, aim, and scope In recent years, due to a high persistence, biomagnification in food webs, presence in remote regions, and potential toxicity,
perfluorochemicals (PFCs) have generated a considerable interest. The present study was aimed to determine the levels of perfluorooctane
sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and other PFCs in drinking water (tap and bottled) and river water samples
from Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain).
Materials and methods Municipal drinking (tap) water samples were collected from the four most populated towns in the Tarragona Province, whereas
samples of bottled waters were purchased from supermarkets. River water samples were collected from the Ebro (two samples),
Cortiella, and Francolí Rivers. After pretreatment, PFC analyses were performed by HPLC-MS. Quantification was done using
the internal standard method, with recoveries between 68% and 118%.
Results In tap water, PFOS and PFOA levels ranged between 0.39 and 0.87 ng/L (0.78 and 1.74 pmol/L) and between 0.32 and 6.28 ng/L
(0.77 and 15.2 pmol/L), respectively. PFHpA, PFHxS, and PFNA were also other detected PFCs. PFC levels were notably lower
in bottled water, where PFOS could not be detected in any sample. Moreover, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, PFOSA, and PFDA
could be detected in the river water samples. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were between <0.24 and 5.88 ng/L (<0.48 and 11.8 pmol/L)
and between <0.22 and 24.9 ng/L (<0.53 and 60.1 pmol/L), respectively.
Discussion Assuming a human water consumption of 2 L per day, the daily intake of PFOS and PFOA by the population of the area under evaluation
was calculated (0.78–1.74 and 12.6 ng, respectively). It was found that drinking water might be a source of exposure to PFCs
as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants.
Conclusions The contribution of drinking water (tap and bottled) to the human daily intake of various PFCs has been compared for the first
time with data from dietary intake of these PFCs. It was noted that in certain cases, drinking water can be a source of exposure
to PFCs as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants although the current concentrations were similar or lower than
those reported in the literature for surface water samples from a number of regions and countries.
Recommendations and perspectives Further studies should be carried out in order to increase the knowledge of the role of drinking water in human exposure to
PFCs. 相似文献
939.
Preparation of a porous clay heterostructure and study of its adsorption capacity of phenol and chlorinated phenols from aqueous solutions. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sofía Arellano-Cárdenas Tzayhrí Gallardo-Velázquez Guillermo Osorio-Revilla Ma del Socorro López-Cortez 《Water environment research》2008,80(1):60-67
A porous clay heterostructure (PCH) from a Mexican clay was prepared and characterized, and its aqueous phenol and dichlorophenols (DCPs) adsorption capacities were studied using a batch equilibrium technique. The PCH displayed a surface area of 305.5 m2/g, 37.2 A average porous diameter, and a basal space of 23.2 A. The adsorption capacity shown by the PCH for both phenol and DCPs from water (14.5 mg/g for phenol; 48.7 mg/g for 3,4-DCP; and 45.5 mg/g for 2,5-DCP) suggests that the PCH has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics, as a result of the presence of silanol and siloxane groups formed during the pillaring and calcination of the PCH. The values of maximal adsorption capacity for dichlorophenols were higher than those reported for aluminum pillared clays and some inorgano-organo clays and comparable with some ionic exchange resins. 相似文献
940.
Benyei Petra Cohen Marianne Gresillon Etienne Angles Stéphane Araque-Jiménez Eduardo Alonso-Roldán María Espadas-Tormo Isidro 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(2):595-605
Regional Environmental Change - In the context of climate change, concern is raising about the negative effects of some pruning waste management practices. On the one hand, burning of pruning... 相似文献