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181.
Jasmin Shah M. Rasul Jan Farhat-un-nisa Shehzad Behisht Ara 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2010,8(3):253-259
A simple spectrophotometric method was developed for determination of trifluralin in commercial formulation and food samples.
The method was based on the hydrolysis of trifluralin with sodium hydroxide to form 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline.
The resultant aniline group was diazotized with nitrate in acidic media and the diazotized product was coupled with β-naphthol
to form red colored product having λmax 550 nm. The reaction conditions were optimized for hydrolysis as well as for the diazotization reaction. The Beer’s law was obeyed over the range of 0.2–17 μg mL−1 with molar absorptivity of 1.5 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1. The relative standard deviation was found to be 3.6%. A two level factorial design of 23 was used for optimization of all parameters. The influence of different factors and their interactions on the final azo dye
formation were also studied from these factorial designs. The method has been applied successfully for the analysis of commercial
formulations and agricultural samples. The recovery for the determination of trifluralin was found to be in the range 95–97%. 相似文献
182.
183.
Gill LW O'Súlleabháin C Misstear BD Johnston PJ 《Journal of environmental quality》2007,36(6):1843-1855
Current Irish guidelines require a comprehensive site assessment of a percolation area for wastewater disposal before planning permission is granted for dwellings in rural areas. For a site to be deemed suitable, the subsoil must have a percolation value equivalent to a field saturated hydraulic conductivity in the range 0.08 to 4.2 m d(-1) using a falling head percolation test. A minimum of 1.2 m of unsaturated subsoil must also exist below the invert of the percolation area receiving effluent from a septic tank (or 0.6 m for secondary treated effluent). During a 2-yr period, the three-dimensional performance of four percolation areas treating domestic wastewater was monitored. At each site samples were taken at 0, 10, and 20 m along each of the four percolation trenches at depths of 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 m below each trench to ascertain the attenuation effects of the unsaturated subsoil. The two sites with septic tanks installed performed at least as well as the other two sites with secondary treatment systems installed and appeared to discharge a better quality effluent in terms of nutrient load. An average of 2.1 and 6.8 g total N d(-1) remained after passing through 1-m depth of subsoil beneath the trenches receiving septic tank effluent compared with 12.7 and 16.7 g total N d(-1) on the sites receiving secondary effluent. The research also indicates that the septic tank effluent was of an equivalent quality to the secondary treated effluent in terms of indicator bacteria (E. coli) after percolating through 0.6-m depth of unsaturated subsoil. 相似文献
184.
Moreira SM Moreira-Santos M Guilhermino L Ribeiro R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,139(2):318-329
This study developed and evaluated a short-term sublethal in situ toxicity assay for estuarine sediment-overlying waters, with the crab Carcinus maenas (L.) based on postexposure feeding. It consisted of a 48-h in situ exposure period followed by a short postexposure feeding period (30 min). A precise method for quantifying feeding, using the Polychaeta Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor Müller as food source, was first developed. The sensitivity of the postexposure feeding response was verified by comparing it to that of lethality, upon cadmium exposure. The influence of environmental conditions prevailing during exposure (salinity, temperature, substrate, light regime, and food availability) on postexposure feeding was also addressed. The potential of this in situ assay was then investigated by deploying organisms at ten sites, located in reference and contaminated Portuguese estuaries. Organism recovery ranged between 90% and 100% and a significant postexposure feeding depression (16.3-72.7%) was observed at all contaminated sites relatively to references. 相似文献
185.
Use of the genus Artemia in ecotoxicity testing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nunes BS Carvalho FD Guilhermino LM Van Stappen G 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(2):453-462
Information related to varied uses of several species of the genus Artemia (commonly known as brine shrimp), is dispersed among literature from several scientific areas, such as Ecology, Physiology, Ecotoxicology, Aquaculture and Genetics. The present paper reviews information related to Artemia that may be considered relevant for ecotoxicity testing. Integration of different areas of scientific knowledge concerning biology, life cycle and environmental needs of Artemia is of crucial importance when considering the interpretation of results drawn from tests involving this genus. Furthermore, this paper provides suggestions to overcome problems related to toxicity assessment with the use of Artemia as test organism in bioassays, under the scope of estuarine, marine and hypersaline environments. Aspects related to variability in results, adoptable toxicity end-points, culture conditions, characteristics of species and strains, influence of geographical origins over physiological features and responses to exposure to chemical agents are considered. 相似文献
186.
Ocampo-Duque W Ferré-Huguet N Domingo JL Schuhmacher M 《Environment international》2006,32(6):733-742
In recent years, fuzzy-logic-based methods have demonstrated to be appropriated to address uncertainty and subjectivity in environmental problems. In the present study, a methodology based on fuzzy inference systems (FIS) to assess water quality is proposed. A water quality index calculated with fuzzy reasoning has been developed. The relative importance of water quality indicators involved in the fuzzy inference process has been dealt with a multi-attribute decision-aiding method. The potential application of the fuzzy index has been tested with a case study. A data set collected from the Ebro River (Spain) by two different environmental protection agencies has been used. The current findings, managed within a geographic information system, clearly agree with official reports and expert opinions about the pollution problems in the studied area. Therefore, this methodology emerges as a suitable and alternative tool to be used in developing effective water management plans. 相似文献
187.
188.
Tolerance to iron accumulation and its effects on mineral composition and growth of two grass species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Talita Oliveira de Araújo Larisse de Freitas-Silva Brenda Vila Nova Santana Kacilda Naomi Kuki Eduardo Gusmão Pereira Aristéa Alves Azevedo Luzimar Campos da Silva 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):2777-2784
This study aimed to assess the influence of excess iron on the capacity of accumulation of this heavy metal, mineral composition, and growth of Setaria parviflora and Paspalum urvillei. Seedlings were submitted to 0.009; 1; 2; 4; and 7 mM of Fe-EDTA. In both species there was an increase in the concentration of Fe, Zn, P, and Ca and a decrease in Mn, K, and Mg in the iron plaque. Both species accumulated more iron in roots. In the shoots, S. parviflora showed higher iron content, except at 7 mM. Iron altered the contents of Fe, Cu, K, and Mg in roots, and of Fe, Mn, Zn, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in shoots. The two species tolerated high iron concentrations and accumulated high content of this element in both shoots and roots. The iron did not reduce their growth. Both species are indicated for studies aiming restoration of iron-contaminated areas. 相似文献
189.
In order to find out an alternative to traditional environmental policies in the State of São Paulo (Brazil), which have been mainly focused on legal standard compliance for air and water emissions, as well as in soil contamination, the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State — CETESB — launched a research project entitled Industrial Toxic Substances Use Reduction Programme. The project was launched in 2006 with funding from the United States Trade and Development Agency. Its aim was to propose new policies and strategies to reduce industrial releases of toxic compounds to the environment. Its general steps were the identification of an initial toxic chemical targets list; a review of successful programmes in the United States; the development of key elements and the establishment of alternative combinations of those elements for the implementation of an indigenous programme. Since project completion, CETESB has been discussing the possibility of implementing the results through a pilot project being developed jointly with industry representatives. This pilot project will serve as a model for a broader industrial toxic substances reduction programme to be implemented in São Paulo State. 相似文献
190.
During World War II, a military airport was built inside the city of Reykjavik. This airport then became the centre of domestic
aviation for the whole country. Today, 50 years later, the airport tract has become valuable for urban development. The city
government therefore wants the airport relocated. Four different sites have been considered. The first alternative is to maintain
the airport in the same place. A second alternative is based on reclaiming land alongside the present airport. A third possible
site is in a rugged lava field south of Reykjavik, and the fourth alternative is to move the domestic traffic to Keflavik
International Airport about 60 km away. The relocation has become a hot issue in the country. The people living in the countryside
want to keep the airport in the same place. On the other hand, people living in Reykjavik see the airport land as valuable
potential for urban development close to the city centre. To approach this debate in an orderly fashion, the four sites have
been studied from an environmental and socio-economic point of view. The four alternatives are classified by four different
categories: (1) economy and capital investment, (2) social impacts, (3) direct environmental consequences, and (4) public
safety. Firstly, the last three categories were evaluated and weighted, and all four alternatives graded according to their
environmental quality. Secondly, using the results of a separate cost-effectiveness study, a Pareto optimality solution is
suggested. Finally, sensitivity analysis was carried out to investigate how the “environmental” factors through their variation
can influence the final selection. 相似文献