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91.
Soyoung Kim Masahiro Oguchi Aya Yoshida Atsushi Terazono 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(2):474-483
We estimated the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generated in South Korea by using the population balance model (PBM) based on a lifespan distribution analysis. This is the first study to apply PBM to estimate WEEE generation in South Korea. The lifespan distribution analysis of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) was based on the results of a questionnaire survey of 1000 households, which were analyzed with the Weibull distribution. As a result, we could estimate the domestic service lifespan and lifespan distribution shape parameter for eight selected products. Using the lifespan distribution analysis and other data, such as the shipment volume and the number of products owned by households, we estimated the amount of WEEE generated for the eight selected items from 2000 to 2020. We found that 1.2 million air conditioners, 2.5 million televisions, 1.3 million microwave ovens, 1.2 million kimchi refrigerators, 17.0 million mobile phones, 1.7 million refrigerators, 2.0 million vacuum cleaners, and 1.4 million washing machines were generated as WEEE in 2010. We also compared our WEEE estimates with the number of items collected through the official WEEE recycling program from 2003 to 2009 and found that in 2009 washing machines had the highest collection rate (28%) and air conditioners had the lowest rate (7%). 相似文献
92.
Hiroyuki Saito Miho Toho Tomoyuki Tanaka Mamoru Noda 《Food and environmental virology》2015,7(3):239-248
Various methods to detect foodborne viruses including norovirus (NoV) in contaminated food have been developed. However, a practical method suitable for routine examination that can be applied for the detection of NoVs in oily, fatty, or emulsive food has not been established. In this study, we developed a new extraction and concentration method for detecting NoVs in contaminated composite meals. We spiked NoV-GI.4 or -GII.4 stool suspension into potato salad and stir-fried noodles. The food samples were suspended in homogenizing buffer and centrifuged to obtain a food emulsion. Then, anti-NoV-GI.4 or anti-NoV-GII.4 rabbit serum raised against recombinant virus-like particles or commercially available human gamma globulin and Staphylococcus aureus fixed with formalin as a source of protein A were added to the food emulsion. NoV-IgG-protein A-containing bacterial complexes were collected by centrifugation, and viral RNA was extracted. The detection limits of NoV RNA were 10–35 copies/g food for spiked NoVs in potato salad and stir-fried noodles. Human gamma globulin could also concentrate other NoV genotypes as well as other foodborne viruses, including sapovirus, hepatitis A virus, and adenovirus. This newly developed method can be used as to identify NoV contamination in composite foods and is also possibly applicable to other foodborne viruses. 相似文献
93.
Ogino A Hirooka H Ikeguchi A Tanaka Y Waki M Yokoyama H Kawashima T 《Journal of environmental quality》2007,36(4):1061-1068
There is increasing concern about feeds prepared from food residues (FFR) from an environmental viewpoint; however, various forms of energy are consumed in the production of FFR. Environmental impacts of three scenarios were therefore investigated and compared using life cycle assessment (LCA): production of liquid FFR by sterilization with heat (LQ), production of dehydrated FFR by dehydration (DH), and disposal of food residues by incineration (IC). The functional unit was defined as 1 kg dry matter of produced feed standardized to a fixed energy content. The system boundaries included collection of food residues and production of feed from food residues. In IC, food residues are incinerated as waste, and thus the impacts of production and transportation of commercial concentrate feeds equivalent to the FFR in the other scenarios are included in the analysis. Our results suggested that the average amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from LQ, DH, and IC were 268, 1073, and 1066 g of CO(2) equivalent, respectively. The amount of GHG emissions from LQ was remarkably small, indicating that LQ was effective for reducing the environmental impact of animal production. Although the average amount of GHG emissions from DH was nearly equal to that from IC, a large variation of GHG emissions was observed among the DH units. The energy consumption of the three scenarios followed a pattern similar to that of GHG emissions. The water consumption of the FFR-producing units was remarkably smaller than that of IC due to the large volumes of water consumed in forage crop production. 相似文献
94.
Inoue M Hata A Suzuki A Nohara M Shikazono N Yim WW Hantoro WS Donghuai S Kawahata H 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(3):1045-1052
We determined Pb contents together with Pb isotopic compositions in coral skeletons (Porites spp.) collected from the western Pacific and adjacent seas to examine distribution of Pb in sea surfaces. Temporal records of Pb were also investigated using coral skeletons from Hainan and Ogasawara Island, located in China and Japan, respectively. The spatial distribution of Pb showed a clear dilution pattern of Pb from Asian continent to the open ocean. Also the similar trend was found in the Java Sea from Jakarta to the offshore. In addition to the spatial distribution, Pb contents in Ogasawara coral have gradually increased during last 108 years. It may be attributed to Pb emission mainly from industrial activities in Asian countries. Hainan coral, which provided 10 years record of Pb, showed a remarkable decline around 1997 probably due to the partial introduction of unleaded gasoline in China. 相似文献
95.
Microbial Poly(L-Lactide)-Degrading Enzyme Induced by Amino Acids, Peptides, and Poly(L-Amino Acids)
Amnat Jarerat Yutaka Tokiwa Hideo Tanaka 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2004,12(3):139-146
Poly(L-lactide)(PLA)-degrading activities of a fungus, Tritirachium album, and two strains of actinomycetes,Lentzea waywayandensis and Amycolatopsis orientalis, were inducible by some proteins (poly-L-amino acid), peptides and amino acids. Extracellular PLA-degrading activity of the culture filtrates was detected when these strains grew in liquid basal medium containing 0.1% (w/v) of (poly-L-amino acids), peptides or amino acids as the enzyme inducer. In addition to PLA-degrading activity, succinyl-(L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine)-p-nitroanilide (Suc-(Ala)3-pNA)-degrading activity was observed, implying that the enzymes produced were protease-type. The enzyme activities produced varied between different strains and different inducers. Silk fibroin was the best inducer for A. orientalis and that elastin was the best inducer for L. waywayandensis and T. album. 相似文献
96.
The distribution behavior of pyrene on humic acid (HA)-kaolin complexes, prepared by adsorbing HA on kaolin, was investigated by batch experiments. The distribution coefficient (Kd) of pyrene on the HA-kaolin complex increased with the fraction (f(oc)) of organic carbon adsorbed to the surface of the kaolin. This can be attributed to hydrophobic interactions between pyrene and the adsorbed HAs. The effects of adsorbed HAs were quantitatively evaluated by calculating the distribution coefficient (K(oc)) and affinity constant (K(oc)ads) for pyrene to the adsorbed HAs. A fluorescence quenching method was employed to determine the affinity constant (K(oc)aq) of pyrene to HAs dissolved in an aqueous solution. When the K(oc) values were compared with the K(oc)aq values, the K(oc) values were found to be 4 to 11 times larger than the K(oc)aq values. On the other hand, the K(oc)ads values were 4 to 9 times larger than the K(oc)aq values. These indicate that the affinity for pyrene is enhanced by the adsorption of HAs to kaolin. In addition, the K(oc) values increased with increasing average molecular weights of the HAs. These results demonstrate that HAs, when they are adsorbed to clay minerals, play an important role in the deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a soil environment. 相似文献
97.
A novel paper-based material containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst was successfully prepared by a papermaking technique with the internal addition of inorganic fibers on which TiO2 particles were supported. Photodegradation performance of acetaldehyde gas, an indoor pollutant, and the durability of the TiO2-containing papers were investigated under UV irradiation. Ceramic fiber suspension and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride as a cationic flocculant were mixed, followed by the addition of TiO2 suspension and anionic polyacrylamide. Subsequently, the inorganic mixture was poured into a pulp suspension, and TiO2 handsheets then prepared by a papermaking method. The tensile strength of TiO2-containing paper without a ceramic carrier decreased by more than 30% after 240-h UV irradiation (2 mW/cm2), although the strength of the TiO2 sheet with ceramic fibers remained reasonably stable. The efficiency of acetaldehyde decomposition by the TiO2 paper containing an inorganic carrier was nearly equal to that of the carrier-free TiO2 paper. Scanning electron microscopic observation suggested that most TiO2 particles were predominantly supported on the inorganic fiber matrix, and were mostly out of contact with organic pulp fibers. The TiO2 paper with an inorganic carrier demonstrated both excellent photocatalytic performance and durability, which before had been mutually incompatible for organic materials containing TiO2 photocatalyst. The two-stage mixing procedure for TiO2 sheet-making is promising for the simple manufacture of high performance paper with photocatalytic ability. 相似文献
98.
We simulated the long range transport of dust emitted from dust storms that occurred in China by using a global three-dimensional chemical transport model. A modified dust emission flux scheme and a nonlocal diffusion scheme for determining the atmospheric eddy diffusivity in the atmospheric boundary layer were implemented to improve the chemical transport model. We examined the dust transport by comparing the model results with TOMS satellite images. The model calculated monthly total deposition of dust masses were used for comparison with the measurements collected at sampling stations in Japan, and good agreement was found. The model generally reproduced the temporal and spatial variations of dust reasonably well. 相似文献
99.
100.
In this study, the TiO2 photocatalytic decomposition process of aqueous phenol was investigated. The intermediate products generated in the elementary reaction steps in the mineralization process were experimentally identified as hydroquinone, catechol and hydroxyhydroquinone. The concentration variations of these intermediate products with time passage were traced by high performance liquid chromatograph. The pathways of the decomposition process were given. Based on Langmuir isothermal theory and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, the multi-compounds competition kinetic model was established. In this model, the observed time-dependent concentrations of phenol and the intermediate products were simulated. 相似文献