The combined exposure to aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) causes more pronounced adverse health effects on humans. The kidneys are the main organs affected by internal exposure to Cd and Al via food and non-food items. The objective of present study was to measure the Al and Cd concentrations in cigarettes tobacco (branded and non-branded) and drinking water (domestic treated, ground and lake water) samples in southern part of Pakistan, to assess the risk due to ingestion of water and inhalation of cigarettes smoke containing high concentrations of both elements. The study population (kidney disorder and healthy) divided into two group based on consuming lake and ground water, while smoking non-branded cigarette as exposed, while drinking domestic treated water and smoking branded cigarette as non-exposed. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determined Cd and Al concentrations in tobacco, drinking water and blood samples. The resulted data indicated that the levels of Al and Cd in lake and underground water were higher than the permissible limit in drinking water recommended by the World Health Organization. The biochemical parameters of exposed and referent patients, especially urinary N-acetyl-h-glucosaminidase, were used as a biomarkers of kidney disorder. Exposed kidney disorder patients have higher levels of Cd and Al than the exposed referents subjects, while difference was significant when compared to resulted data of non-exposed patients and referents (p = 0.01–0.001). The pearson correlation showed positive correlation between both toxic element concentrations in water, cigarettes versus blood samples of exposed subjects (r = 0.20–0.67 and 0.71–0.82), while lower values were observed for non-exposed subjects (r = 0.123–0.423 and 0.331–0.425), respectively.
In the current study, the chemistry of fresh and stored rainwater of Thar Desert, Pakistan, was estimated during two consecutive monsoon periods. The present research deals with the variation in physicochemical parameters, total arsenic (Ast), inorganic arsenic species (Asi, AsV, AsIII), and fluoride (F?) in stored rainwater (SRW) at different time intervals (1 week to 3 months). The pH of fresh rainwater (FRW) samples showed slightly acidic to neutral in nature (6.08–7.06) which were inconsistent with the reference pH value (5.6) of rainwater. The resulted data indicated that Ast and F? levels in SRW were enhanced with time duration. The levels of Ast and F? in SRW after different time intervals were found in the range of 194–683 μg/L and 10–35.4 mg/L, respectively. The values of Ast and F? were 20–70 and 7–24 times higher than those of WHO permissible limits, 10 μg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. The AsIII was dominant species in SRW, which corresponds to >60 % of Asi. The characteristics of the SRW revealed an unacceptable quality to consume for drinking and agricultural purposes in the studied area. 相似文献
Environmental Chemistry Letters - Microplastics have been detected in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, yet the toxic effects of microplastics on living organisms are poorly known. In particular,... 相似文献
A fuzzy logic approach has been developed to assess the groundwater pollution levels below agricultural fields. The data collected
for Kumluca Plain of Turkey have been utilized to develop the approach. The plain is known with its intensive agricultural
activities, which imply excessive application of fertilizers. The characteristics of the soils and underlying groundwater
for this plain were monitored during the years 1999 and 2000. Additionally, an extensive field survey related to the types
and yields of crops, fertilizer application and irrigation water was carried out. Both the soil and groundwater have exhibited
high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and salinity with considerable spatial and temporal variations. The pollution level of
groundwater at several established stations within the plain were assessed using Fuzzy Logic. Water Pollution Index (WPI)
values are calculated by Fuzzy Logic utilizing the most significant groundwater pollutants in the area namely nitrite, nitrate
and orthophosphate together with the groundwater vulnerability to pollution. The results of the calculated WPI and the monitoring
study have yielded good agreement. WPI indicated high to moderate water pollution levels at Kumluca plain depending on factors
such as agricultural age, depth to groundwater, soil characteristics and vulnerability of groundwater to pollution. Fuzzy
Logic approach has shown to be a practical, simple and useful tool to assess groundwater pollution levels. 相似文献
The main objective of the review is to document, assess and analyze the results of the previously reported data on levels of different pesticides in selected fruits and vegetables from Pakistan. The findings of the previous studies clearly indicated that more than 50 % of the samples were contaminated with organophosphate, pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides. Many studies reported that among fresh fruits and vegetables tomato, apple, melon, mango, grapes, and plum crossed the FAO/WHO permissible limits for these contaminants residual levels. The comparison of other regions showed that observed levels were found above maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 50 % of the samples but were in agreement with the studies from neighboring countries like China and Bangladesh. Higher hazard risk index (HRI) values were calculated for dieldrin, methamidophos, o,p′-DDT, diazinon and p,p′-DDT in apple, mango, banana, melon, potato and onion. The review also highlights that data on pesticide residues in foodstuff is scarce which should be overcome by further extending studies from different areas of Pakistan. In order to ascertain the provision of food suitable for human consumption, it is imperative to monitor pesticides in food commodities by the country’s authorities and enforce guidelines based on permissible limits. 相似文献
The concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides were determined in bonito (Sardasarda L. 1758) and anchovy (Engraulisencrasicolus L. 1758) from the Black Sea, Turkey. Concentrations of total indicator PCBs ranged between <1-17.0 in bonito, and <1-17.5 ng/g fresh weight in anchovy, and total of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-chlorophenyl-ethane and its metabolites’ (DDTs) concentrations ranged between 13.4-26.3, and 2.96-19.0 ng/g fresh weight in bonito and anchovy respectively. PCB 52, p,p′-DDE and endosulfan (α + β) were found dominant in both of the fish species. Except endosulfan, and some DDT metabolites, none of the studied organochlorine pesticides was detected in the fish samples. Concentrations of PCBs in anchovy were found higher than those in bonito, whereas DDT and endosulfan concentrations were found similar in both of the fish species. All of the fish samples had residue concentrations below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. 相似文献
The recycling of sewage sludge on agriculture land represents an alternative, advantageous, disposal of this waste material.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using industrial sewage sludge, produced in Pakistan, as a
fertiliser. Agricultural soil amended with 25% (w/w) sewage sludge with or without lime treatment was used for growing a variety
of sorghum (PARC-SS-1). The mobility of the heavy metals (HMs) (Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn) and metalloid (As) in the untreated
industrial waste water sewage sludge (UIWS) samples were assessed by applying a modified BCR (Community Bureau of Reference)
sequential extraction procedure. The single extraction procedure comprised of the application of mild extractant (CaCl2) and water for the estimation of the proportion of easily soluble metal fractions. The precision and accuracy of BCR was
evaluated by using a certified reference material of soil amended with sewage sludge BCR 483. The plant available metal contents,
as extracted by the deionised water and 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and exchangeable fraction of BCR sequential, decreased with lime application in the range of 10–44% for As, Cr,
Ni, Pb and Zn, except in the cases of Cd and Cu, where their mobility was increased by 10% and 24%, respectively. Sludge amendment
enhanced the dry weight yield of sorghum and the increase was more obvious after liming up to 25%. The uptake of HMs were
lower in test samples (3.2–21.8%), except for Cu and Cd, which was higher (4%), while they were below the permissible limit
of these metals. The present experiment demonstrates that liming was important in factors facilitating the growth of sorghum
in sludge-amended soil. 相似文献