大型体育赛事对城市旅游的影响研究——以兰州国际马拉松为例

大型体育赛事的举办对城市旅游业发展具有巨大的刺激作用。以兰州国际马拉松为例,采用2000—2013年兰州旅游人数和旅游收入的统计数据,分析比赛前后几年旅游人数及旅游收入的变化。结果表明,兰州国际马拉松赛事对兰州旅游业发展的拉动作用极为明显。在此基础上,提出作为经济欠发达地区的兰州在发展以体育赛事为主的文化创意产业时所面临的问题及对策。     

澜沧江梯级水电站库区水体富营养化研究

根据2008年1—12月对澜沧江下游的漫湾和大朝山水电站库区的水环境监测结果,应用浮游植物指示法、地表水资源质量标准评价、经验TLI法评价、藻类现存量指标法对影响水体富营养化的水环境指标进行了分析。结果表明,两库区水体中,营养盐指标总体处在一种高含量水平,大朝山和漫湾库区水体总氮浓度年变化范围分别为0.345~1.880mg/L和0.340~1.743mg/L,总磷浓度年变化范围分别为0.019~0.139mg/L和0.015~0.111mg/L。TLI综合指数评价表明两库区水体处于贫营养水平。     

废旧弹药装药倒空方法的研究进展

随着弹药武器装备的更新换代,以及库存弹药超过储存年限,报废弹药销毁量越来越大,伴随出现的事故也越来越多,使得国内外对废旧弹药处理技术高效、安全、环保的要求也越来越高。基于废旧弹药的绿色回收利用技术,总结了废旧弹药装药倒空方法的国内外研究现状,分析了加热熔融、钻屑吸出、水射流冲洗、水力空化、低温冲洗、冷循环、超声振动及仿形钻削与干冰喷射复合8种倒药方法的优缺点,从高效、安全、环保和能否实现弹体与装药完全分离的角度,指出超声振动倒空法安全性好,倒空速度快,处理过程绿色无污染,可实现装药与壳体高效完全分离,具有广阔的发展前景,值得推广和深入研究;仿形钻削与干冰喷射复合倒空法集合了仿形钻削的高效率、无污染,能实现生产线的自动化控制,以及干冰喷射处理的炸药品种多、不存在"三废"等优点,是未来研究的主要方向之一。     

An international comparative study of end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling systems

End-of-life vehicles (ELV) have become a global concern as automobiles have become popular worldwide. An international workshop was held to gather data and to discuss 3R policies and ELV recycling systems, their background and present situation, outcomes of related policies and programs, the framework of recycling and waste management, and case studies on related topics in several countries and regions, as well as the essential points of the comparison. Legislative ELV recycling systems are established in the EU, Japan, Korea, and China, while in the US, ELV recycling is managed under existing laws on environmental protection. Since automobile shredding residue (ASR) has a high calorific value and ash content, and includes heavy metals as well as a mass of unclassified fine particles, recycling ASR is considered highly difficult. Countries with a legislative ELV system commonly set a target for recovery rates, with many aiming for more than 95 % recovery. In order to reach this target, higher efficiency in ASR recovery is needed, in addition to material recycling of collectable components and metals. Environmentally friendly design was considered necessary at the planning and manufacturing stages, and the development of recycling systems and techniques in line with these changes are required for sound ELV management.     

基于可持续生计的农村家庭灾后恢复研究

灾后恢复研究相对较少,是整个灾害治理/应急管理全流程(减灾、备灾、救灾和灾后恢复)中最需要加强的部分。目前大部分灾后恢复研究都侧重于物质重建,缺少全面的视角。本文借鉴被广泛用于发展领域内的可持续生计分析框架来分析农村家庭灾后恢复过程,希望为灾后恢复研究提供一个全面的视角,同时对可持续生计分析框架在灾害治理研究中的适用性进行一定的验证。本文所用数据来自于一项跟踪调查。研究地点为汶川地震某重灾县。首次问卷调查在2009年1月份开展,采用分层抽样方法,以访谈员面对面访问的形式,共在该县3个乡镇(9个村)调查了515户居民。第二次回访在2012年夏天进行,共完成415户家庭回访工作,回访率约为80.56%。通过对比两次调查所得415户相同农户家庭的生计资本(自然资本、金融资本,人力资本,物资资本,社会资本)数据,研究发现整体上农户所拥有的五类生计资本在灾后恢复阶段都有较大提升,其中物资资本增幅最高,其次是自然资本,金融资本,社会资本,增幅最小的是人力资本。生计资本在整体增加的同时,不同家庭间的物资、金融、人力和自然资本差距(标准差)也有所加大,但社会资本差距(标准差)有所减少。研究结果也从侧面证实了我国汶川地震灾后恢复主要侧重于物质重建,而且灾后恢复效果明显。同时,为灾难事件可以增强社会凝聚力提供了证据。跟踪调查中社会资本在灾后显著升高,而且不同家庭间的差距变小。研究表明,可持续生计分析框架可以为以家庭和社区为单元的灾害研究提供一个较好的分析工具。     

广西会仙岩溶湿地典型抗生素污染特征及生态风险评估

为确定会仙岩溶湿地不同介质中抗生素的污染特征及来源,利用液相色谱串联质谱联用仪分析了磺胺类(SAs)、氟喹诺酮类(FQs)和四环素类(TCs)三大类20种抗生素的含量.结果表明,研究区内水土介质监测的抗生素中共检出12种,检出浓度范围为n.d～106 ng·L~(-1),其中,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)的浓度最高.各环境介质中,以养殖用水和地表河水中检出的抗生素种类相对较多,分别为10种和8种,溶潭水和土壤中则检出的抗生素种类较少.因子分析结果显示,会仙湿地水体中的典型抗生素来源可归为两类,一类以受外源污染为主,从而导致地表河水中磺胺氯达嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)检出浓度较高,一类受湿地内养殖污染,从而造成水土介质中磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMD)、甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)和金霉素(CTC)检出.水体中检出的抗生素主要受溶解氧(DO)影响,此外,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)和强力霉素(DOX)与NH~+_4存在一定的协同污染关系.风险评估结果表明,恩诺沙星(ENR)处于高风险的范围内,磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)和氧氟沙星(OFL)处于中等风险,中等风险的抗生素主要集中在地表河水中,高风险抗生素则在养殖用水中.整体来看,研究区水体中抗生素存在一定的风险.因此,针对这一现象应减少存在生态风险抗生素的使用,并对有潜在风险的抗生素加以防范.     

A system dynamics model for evaluating the alternative of type in construction and demolition waste recycling center - The case of Chongqing, China

This paper presents a system dynamics computer model to evaluate alternative type of recycling center under different policy and economy environments through comparison on the economic feasibility of recycling centers and ratio of savings to costs in C&D waste management. A case study for the City of Chongqing, China is selected. Simulated results show three key factors can contribute to the economic feasibility of recycling and the ratio of savings to costs in C&D waste management: (a) profit; (b) unit recycling cost; (c) extra revenue from location advantage (It was assumed that the mobile centers can attain extra revenue from the location advantage compared with fixed recycling centers). The sensitive analysis and comparison on ratios between public and private sector indicate that to achieve the optimum ratio of savings to costs, design of recycling centers and selection of governmental instruments are determined by the priority list: (1) low extra revenue from location advantage; (2) low profit; (3) low unit recycling cost. Meanwhile, the fluctuation of the three factors must be prior to achieve economic feasibility of corresponding recycling centers.     

Effect of the appetite stimulant cyproheptadine on deoxynivalenol ‐ induced reductions in feed consumption and weight gain in the mouse 1

Abstract

Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), a Fusarium mycotoxin, is suspected of inducing its anorectic/feed refusal activity through a serotoninergic (5HT) mechanism, possible via 5HT₂‐receptors. In this study the efficiency of cyproheptadine (CYP), a serotonin antagonist and known appetite stimulant, to attenuate the adverse effect of DON was investigated in mice. CYP was administered in the feed for two days before animals began receiving the DON, which was also added to the feed. Both agents were administered concurrently thereafter for a 12‐day period. Dosing levels included various combinations of the two compounds, ranging from 0–16 ppm DON and 0–20 ppm CYP.

Results showed that CYP could effectively offset the reduction in feed intake caused by dietary DON, but only when dose levels were optimized (CYP appeared to have a narrow effective dose range, which was also dependent on the DON concentration). In fact, optimum CYP doses were able to enhance feed intake in DON‐fed mice above control levels, indicating that more than just a direct block of the toxin's effect was occurring. Conversely though, the effect of CYP on weight gain (WG) was ambiguous. At the lower CYP doses (≤ 5 ppm), alone or in combination with the lowest DON level tested (4 ppm), a modest positive effect was noted, but at the higher DON concentrations (≥ 8 ppm) the overall WG generally remained depressed, and tended to be reduced further by increasing doses of CYP.

These results provide additional support that serotoninergic mechanisms probably play a role in mediating DON‐induced reduction in feed intake. Where and how DON actually initiates its anorectic effect, however, has not been resolved.     

Material flow analysis of RDF-production processes

The authors evaluate the possibilities of modifying the chemical characteristics of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) that are processed from residual household waste by mechanical operations to achieve and assure quality targets for relevant chemical concentrations, especially for heavy metals and chlorine. Quality assurance in the production of RDF demands that, together with an enrichment of the calorific value, highly toxic waste components are selectively separated and concentrated in a small stream to produce high yields of a relatively low polluted fuel. Based on the method of material flow analysis, a process evaluation is developed that considers the aspect of minimizing hazardous chemicals along with classical process data such as yield and product quality. Data on specific concentration of hazardous chemicals in waste components and their distribution in residual household waste as well as the results from large-scale test runs using different separation techniques demonstrate that mechanical operations alone are insufficient for separating hazardous chemicals. In the test runs, chemical compounds such as chlorine, cadmium and lead were often concentrated in the product. Even using optimized techniques, the ability to reduce hazards in the product is limited due to the distribution of the element concentration in the various components of the waste stream.     

典型污染场地六六六残留特征分析

在历史上受某六六六(HCH)生产企业污染的场地采集土壤样品,分析和研究土壤中HCH的污染水平和污染分布趋势.结果表明,∑HCH值最大为271.72 mg·kg-1,HCH污染主要集中在表层(深度:0～20 cm)、亚表层(深度:20～40 cm)土壤,表层、亚表层土壤中HCH含量远高于深层(深度:40～150 cm)土壤中HCH含量;β-HCH含量最高,远高于其他3种异构体;通过Kriging法插值,画出表层土壤中∑HCH的等值线图,可清晰地看出HCH的分布趋势.本污染场地表层的硬化阻止了雨水的浸润作用,使HCH向下迁移缓慢,HCH含量随深度增加而降低,HCH污染深度较浅.