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131.
Transfer of radioactive caesium from soil to vegetation and comparison with potassium in upland grasslands 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Coughtrey PJ Kirton JA Mitchell NG Morris C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1989,62(4):281-315
The distribution and transfer of caesium and potassium between soils and vegetation has been investigated by field sampling and experimental studies on soils and vegetation typical of upland grassland in north west England. Total (137)Cs content to a depth of 0.05 m below root matt ranged from 13 000 to 18 000 Bq m(-2). This caesium content derives from three sources: the Windscale accident of 1957, weapons-testing fallout which peaked in the early 1960s, and the Chernobyl accident in May 1986. From 2200 to 6200 Bq m(-2) is attributed to the first two sources, and the remainder to Chernobyl. In December 1986, 23-78% of pre-Chernobyl (137)Cs was associated with soil underlying root matt and 0.5-5.5% was associated with vegetation. Plant/soil concentration ratios for pre-Chernobyl (137)Cs were in the range 0.5-6.5, the lowest values being associated with patches of Festuca/Agrostis turf. At the same time, 4-19% of (137)Cs deposited from Chernobyl was associated with vegetation, although higher values appeared in conjunction with the moss, Polytrichum commune. Corresponding total potassium contents were in the range 9.6-22 mg m(-2) to 0.05 m soil depth. Lower values were found at the wetter sites where, on average, 5.7% of the total potassium was present in vegetation. At drier sites the potassium content was higher and, on average, 8.9% was present in vegetation. Plant/soil concentration ratios ranged from 2.2 to 9.2. During accelerated growth of vegetation, on monoliths in glasshouse conditions over the winter of 1986/87, (137)Cs was transferred from soil and root matt to new growth, such that concentrations in fresh growth were similar to or higher than those observed in the field during December 1986. Removal of caesium by successive cuts resulted in up to 25% of the original estimated total being removed over a 240 day period. Increased concentrations coincided with the emergence of Carex sp. and Trichophorum caespitosum, as well as the development of Agrostis sp. and Festuca ovina. Observed Cs/K discrimination ratios, particularly for (137)Cs deposited from Chernobyl, were higher than previously reported in the literature. The experimental results were confirmed by field observations during spring 1987 and it is concluded that caesium deposited as a result of the Chernobyl accident will continue to be recycled in organic and low potassium soils. 相似文献
132.
Driscoll CT Driscoll KM Mitchell MJ Raynal DJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2003,123(3):327-336
Acidic deposition is comprised of sulfuric and nitric acids and ammonium derived from atmospheric emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia, respectively. Acidic deposition has altered soil through depletion of labile pools of nutrient cations (i.e. calcium, magnesium), accumulation of sulfur and nitrogen, and the mobilization of elevated concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum to soil solutions in acid-sensitive areas. Acidic deposition leaches essential calcium from needles of red spruce, making this species more susceptible to freezing injury. Mortality among sugar maples appears to result from deficiencies of nutrient cations, coupled with other stresses such as insect defoliation or drought. Acidic deposition has impaired surface water quality in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York by lowering pH levels, decreasing acid-neutralizing capacity, and increasing aluminum concentrations. Acidification has reduced the diversity and abundance of aquatic species in lakes and streams. There are also linkages between acidic deposition and fish mercury contamination and eutrophication of estuaries. 相似文献
133.
The influence of different feeding rates, reduced photoperiod and ethanol and acetone exposure on male production in Daphnia magna was investigated. Male production was observed under reduced photoperiod (8-h light:16-h dark) in all food levels. However, the sex ratio of daphnids fed 1x10(6) algae cells increased significantly from that of daphnids fed 15x10(6) algae cells (0.486+/-0.059 and 0.271+/-0.027, respectively). Under normal photoperiod (16-h light:8-h dark) and low food conditions (3.75x10(6) algae cells), a statistically significant increase in the sex ratio was observed in daphnids exposed to acetone at EPA acceptable solvent limits (0.1 ml/l). A shift back to parthenogenetic reproduction was observed in acetone-exposed daphnids at high food levels (15x10(6) algae cells). The results indicate that the reproductive strategies of females are influenced by phenological (i.e. reduced photoperiod), dietary and exogenous chemical cues. 相似文献
134.
Walker A Rodriguez-Cruz MS Mitchell MJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,133(1):43-51
Losses by leaching of chlorotoluron, isoproturon and triasulfuron from small intact columns of a structured clay loam and an unstructured sandy loam soil were measured in five separate field experiments. In general, losses of all three herbicides were greater from the clay loam than from the sandy loam soil and the order between herbicides was always triasulfuron > isoproturon > chlorotoluron. Differences between experiments were also consistent for every soil/herbicide combination. There was no relationship between total loss and either total rainfall or cumulative leachate volume. When weighting factors were applied to the rainfall data to make early rainfall more important than later rainfall, there were significant positive relationships between cumulative weighted rainfall and total losses. Also, there were significant negative correlations between total losses and the delay to accumulation of 25 mm rainfall (equivalent to one pore volume of available water) in the different experiments. In laboratory incubations, there was a more rapid decline in aqueous (0.01 M calcium chloride) extractable residues than in total solvent extractable residues indicating increasing sorption with residence time. However, the rate of change in water extractable residues could not completely explain the decrease in leachability with ageing of residues in the field. Short-term sorption studies with aggregates of the two soils indicated slower sorption by those of the clay loam than by those of the sandy loam suggesting that diffusion into and out of aggregates may affect availability for leaching in the more structured soil. Small scale leaching studies with aggregates of the soils also demonstrated reductions in availability for leaching as residence time in soil was increased, which could not be explained by degradation. These results therefore indicate that time-dependent sorption processes are important in controlling pesticide movement in soils, although the data do not give a mechanistic explanation of the changes in leaching with ageing of residues. 相似文献
135.
Paul G. Kratzer Mitchell S. Golbus David E. Finkelstein Robert N. Taylor M.D. Ph.D. 《黑龙江环境通报》1991,11(1):1-6
Sera from women carrying either chromosomally normal or aneuploid fetuses in the first half of pregnancy were assayed for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) bioactivity in order to determine whether differences might provide the basis for a useful antenatal screen for aneuploidy. A mouse uterine weight assay was used to assess hCG bioactivity in sera from 35 patients undergoing chorionic villus sampling (12 normal pregnancies and 23 trisomic pregnancies) and in sera from 18 patients undergoing elective second-trimester abortion (12 presumed normal pregnancies, 3 trisomic pregnancies, and 3 pregnancies with neural tube defects). The hCG bioactivity to immunoactivity (B:I) ratio of normal pregnancies progressively decreased from 7.7±1.3 at 4–5 menstrual weeks, to 4.7±0.4 at 9–12 menstrual weeks, to 3.3±0.5 at 16–20 menstrual weeks. There were no significant differences in the B:I ratios between normal and aneuploid pregnancies in either the first-trimester (4.7±0.4 versus 5.2±0.3) or the second-trimester samples (3.3±0.5 versus 2.6±0.3), despite significantly greater hCG concentrations in the trisomic pregnancies. We conclude that while aneuploid pregnancies display dysfunctional regulation of hCG expression, the bioactivity of their hCG is normal and does not appear to form the basis for a useful screen for aneuploidy. 相似文献
136.
Pohlman JW Coffin RB Mitchell CS Montgomery MT Spargo BJ Steele JK Boyd TJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2002,75(2):155-167
Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commoncontaminants in industrial watersheds. Their origin,transport and fate are important to scientists,environmental managers and citizens. The Philadelphia NavalReserve Basin (RB) is a small semi-enclosed embayment nearthe confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers inPennsylvania (USA). We conducted a study at this site todetermine the tidal flux of particles and particle-boundcontaminants associated with the RB. Particle traps wereplaced at the mouth and inside the RB and in the Schuylkilland Delaware Rivers. There was net particle deposition intothe RB, which was determined for three seasons. Spring andfall depositions were highest (1740 and 1230 kg ofparticles, respectively) while winter deposition wasinsignificant. PAH concentrations on settling particlesindicated a net deposition of 12.7 g PAH in fall and 2.1 gPAH in spring over one tidal cycle. There was nosignificant PAH deposition in the winter. Biodegradationrates, calculated from 14C-labeled PAH substratemineralization, could attenuate only about 0.25% of the PAHdeposited during a tidal cycle in fall. However, in thespring, biodegradation could be responsible for degrading50% of the settling PAHs. The RB appears to be a sink forPAHs in this watershed. 相似文献
137.
Martin T. Schultz Mitchell J. Small Paul S. Fischbeck R. Scott Farrow 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2006,11(4):345-359
Environmental models are often too large and cumbersome for effective use in regulatory decision making or in the characterization of uncertainty. This paper describes and compares four response surfaces that could complement a large-scale water quality model, the U.S. National Water Pollution Control Assessment Model (NWPCAM), in simulation and regulatory decision support applications. Results show that a physically based reduced-form model that exploits the mathematical structure of the underlying water quality model is a better predictor of policy-relevant outputs than the polynomial expansions that are frequently used in response surface studies. 相似文献
138.
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140.
Sudarshan T. Kurwadkar Dustan Dewinne Remington Wheat Donald G. McGahan Forrest L. Mitchell 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):237-242
Dinetofuran (DNT), imidacloprid (IMD) and thiamethoxam (THM) are among the neonicotinoid insecticides widely used for managing insect pests of agricultural and veterinary importance. Environmental occurrence of neonicotinoid in post-application scenario poses unknown issues to human health and ecology. A sorption kinetic study provides much needed information on physico-chemical interaction of neonicotinoid with soil material. In this research study, time-dependent sorption behavior of DNT, IMD and THM in vineyard soil was studied. Sorption kinetics studies were conducted over a period of 96 hours with sampling duration varying from 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 60 and 96 hours. All three neonicotinoids exhibited very low sorption potential for the soil investigated. Overall percent sorption for all three neonicotinoids was below 20.04 ± 2.03% with highest percent sorption being observed for IMD followed by DNT and THM. All three neonicotinoids are highly soluble with solubility increasing with IMD < THM < DNT. Although, DNT has the highest solubility among all three neonicotinoids investigated, it exhibited higher percent sorption compared to THM, indicating factors other than solubility influenced the sorption kinetics. Low sorption potential of neonicotinoids indicates greater leaching potential with regard to groundwater and surface water contamination. 相似文献