生活垃圾堆肥接种技术

以复合微生物菌剂、马粪、成熟堆肥、果园土、污泥为接种剂,采用在线监测堆肥设备,通过温度传感器、出口气体O₂-H₂S监测仪,研究堆肥过程中温度、耗氧速率、有机物分解速率、H₂S气体浓度变化.试验结果表明,添加接种剂堆肥与对照组比,堆料能达到理想的温度,且高温停留时间长,堆肥反应速率加快及堆肥腐熟时间缩短,并能很好地控制出口H₂S气体浓度.特别是以复合微生物菌剂或马粪作为接种剂,能明显加速堆料的腐熟进程,其腐熟时间分别比对照组提前210h和180h.     

北京地区植物VOCs排放速率的测定

植物释放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)主要集中在异戊二烯和单萜烯上,这些种类的化合物占生物圈VOCs释放量2/3.采用封闭式采样和气相色谱分析对北京地区23种典型植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率进行测定和研究,发现阔叶树(如槐,垂柳等)主要释放异戊二烯;而针叶树(如油松)和果树主要释放单萜烯.同时发现植物异戊二烯的释放受光照和温度的影响,而单萜烯的释放则主要受温度的影响.     

臭氧室内空气质量评价标准的研究制订

通过分析O3毒理学研究和流行病学研究结果，参考国际权威机构制订的O3健康基准和国外相关标准，在考虑O3室内污染特点和我国目前污染水平的基础上，提出我国室内空气质量标准推荐值。     

城市轨道交通火灾事故风险评估及对策措施

运用故障树安全评价的方法和火灾风险评估中的定量分析方法,以人员安全为出发点,对轨道交通运营过程火灾事故风险进行评估。并对重庆市轻轨2号线临江门车站进行紧急情况下人员疏散计算,判断轻轨临江门车站发生火灾等紧急事故时,能否确保乘客的人身安全。结合轨道交通现状给出相应对策措施,降低事故发生的可能性,确保乘客生命安全和财产不受损失。     

气相色谱／石墨炉（Ⅲ型）原子吸收光谱联用及汽油中铅化学形态分析的研究

本文研究了气相色谱／石墨炉（Ⅲ型）原子吸收光谱联用的工作条件对测定（Ｃ２Ｈ４）４Ｐｂ的影响,选择了分析条件并建立了其分析方法。该方法的最小检测量为８．６×１０－１１ｇ,回收率为１００．８～１１１．４％。已用于汽油中铅化学形态的分析,取得了满意的结果。     

Degradation of bisphenol A by microorganisms immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres

In this study, microorganisms （named B111） were immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres prepared by the inverse suspension crosslinked method. The biodegradation of bisphenol A （BPA） and 4-hydro- xybenzaldehyde, a degradation product of BPA, by free and immobilized B lll was investigated. The BPA degradation studies were carried out at initial BPA concentrations ranging from 25 to 150 mg·L^-1. The affinity constant Ks and maximum degradation rate Rmax were 98.3 mg·L^-1 and 19.7mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for free B111, as well as 87.2mg·L^-1 and 21.1mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for immobilized B 111, respectively. 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses confirmed that the dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas for BPA biodegradation in microorganisms B 111.     

Substance flow analysis for an urban drainage system of a representative hypothetical city in China

This paper discusses the use of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a tool to support quantified research on urban drainage systems. Based on the principle of mass balance, a static substance flow model is established to describe and examine the routes and intensities of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for a representative hypothetical city (RH city) in China, which is a devised and scaled city using statistical characteristics of urban circumstances at the national level. It is estimated that the annual flux of water, COD, TN and TP through the urban drainage system in 2010 was 55.1 million m³, 16037.3 t, 1649.5 t and 209.7 t, respectively. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was identified as the most important pathway for pollutant emissions, which contributed approximately 60% of COD, 65% of TN and 50% of TP to receiving water. During the wastewater treatment process, 1.0 million m3, 7042.5 t, 584.2 t and 161.4 t of the four studied substances had been transmitted into sludge, meanwhile 3813.0 t of COD and 394.0 t of TN were converted and emitted to the atmosphere. Compared with the representative hypothetical city of 2000, urban population and the area of urban built districts had expanded by approximately 90% and 80% respectively during the decade, resulting in a more than threefold increase in the input of substances into the urban drainage system. Thanks to the development of urban drainage systems, the total loads of the city were maintained at a similar level.     

One-pot preparation of graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites for the removal of tetrabromobisphenol A

A simple solvothermal method was used to prepare monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles attached onto graphene oxide (GO) sheets as adsorbents to remove tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) from an aqueous solution. These Fe₃O₄/GO (MGO) nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity at different initial pH, contact duration, and temperature were evaluated. The kinetics of adsorption was found to fit the pseudo-second-order model perfectly. The adsorption isotherm well fitted the Langmuir model, and the theoretical maximum of adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 27.26 mg?g^-1. The adsorption thermodynamics of TBBPA on the MGO nanocomposites was determined at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively. The results indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The MGO nanocomposites were conveniently separated from the media by an external magnetic field within several seconds, and then regenerated in 0.2 M NaOH solution. Thus, the MGO nanocomposites are a promising candidate for TBBPA removal from wastewater.     

典型喀斯特地区土壤退化机理探讨:不同土地利用类型土壤水分性能比较

我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区以土壤退化为核心的环境退化形势严峻.揭示土壤退化过程和退化机理,是认识喀斯特这个特殊环境的土地生态系统诸多环境退化问题的一个重要途径.本文选择黔中猫跳河流域上游长顺县广顺乡典型喀斯特景观为研究区,通过野外采样和实验室分析,对不同土地利用类型的土壤水分性能进行了比较研究,以探讨喀斯特地区土壤退化的过程与机理.结果表明,与基本无退化的本底林地相比较,草地土壤的水分性能明显变劣,表现为:土壤的持水能力下降,田间持水量和毛管持水量分别下降49.5%和56.2%;土壤供水能力降低,总有效含水量下降56.4%;土壤渗透性能减弱,150 min饱和渗水量减少70.1%.土壤的这些水分特征与土壤发生的强度和速度都有着非常密切的关系,草地土壤水分性能的这种退化将加剧土壤的侵蚀.可以认为,在西南典型喀斯特地区,土壤的水分退化是土壤退化的一个关键过程和因素.     

中国竹林生态系统的碳储量

利用中国4次森林资源清查资料以及中国森林生态定位观测研究站(CFERN)的观测数据,估算了中国1977-2003年期间4个时期竹林生态系统的碳储量,并对其垂直分配结构特征、时空动态格局和贮碳潜力进行了分析.竹林的总碳储量结果为1977-1981年期间537.6Mt C,1984-1988年期问598.61Mt C,1994-1998年期间710.14 Mt C,1999-2003年期间837.92Mt C,期间浙江、江西、福建、湖南、广东和四川六省是中国竹林碳库的主要组成部分,占80.04%-83.13%.垂直分配结构基本相似,植被层占总碳储量的23.84%～24.49%,枯落物层占0.93%～0.96%,土壤层占的74.55%～75.23%.1999-2003年期间中国竹林生态系统碳素现存量为837.92 Mt C,10年后贮碳量将达到837.92 Mt C,并以C 54.81Mt·a-1.的平均积累速率递增.