Opportunities and challenges for development of urbanization in Western China

Urban and rural dual structure in Western China is obvious.The economic development of the central cities is relatively quick while that of the rural areas is lagging behind.The speeding up of urbanization contributes to the intensively uncoordinated development of urban and rural areas.Besides,the eco-fragile environment,shortage of available water resources,adverse geographic location,and relatively backward social economy restrict the development of urbanization in Western China.However,Western China also has the advantages of backwardness.This paper analyzes the present situation and development trend of urbanization in Western China.The results show that Western China has basically formed a development pattern with"industry promotes agriculture and urban leads to village".Therefore,combined with the present situation of Western China,this paper describes and analyzes the opportunities and challenges that may appear in the process of urbanization in Western China,puts forward the development pattern in which urban and rural areas can gain mutual support and co-development,and provides related recommendations.     

依兰县绿色食品发展现状与对策初探

针对依兰县绿色食品种植面积,种植基地建设,养殖基地建设,山产品采集基地建设,加工基地建设和销售基地建设及经济效益情况,提出了目前依兰县绿色食品开发已初步形成的标准体系框架并进行论述,评价分析了依兰县绿色食品产业的有利条件和制约困素,并提出发展的对策,使之逐步走向依兰县农业经济的主导地位.     

乡镇环境规划指标体系研究——以扬州市瓜洲镇为例

从经济发展、生态环境、社会进步三方面构建乡镇环境规划指标体系,并引入“可持续发展度”、“因子贡献度”、“指标偏离度”、“制约度”,对瓜洲镇的现状进行了综合评价,对限制瓜洲镇可持续发展的因素进行识别。研究结果表明：规划基准年（2006年）瓜洲镇的可持续发展度为0.759,处于较强可持续发展阶段;影响瓜洲镇可持续发展的制约因素主要集中于环境质量及污染物治理方面（占36.75%）,其次为经济结构方面（占25.65%）,接着为发展支持（占24.21%）、生态环境与资源利用（占9.42%）、生活质量（占2.62%）、经济效益（占1.34%）。     

澳门半岛交通噪声模拟与控制研究

交通噪声是澳门半岛最主要的环境噪声源。本研究在国际上通用的交通噪声预测模型STAMSON的基础上 ,根据澳门半岛封闭型道路的特征 ,建立了封闭型道路交通噪声计算机预测模式 ,经过实测数据的验证 ,模型预测结果达到了令人满意的精度要求。利用建立的交通噪声预报模式 ,计算了澳门半岛不同类型道路的交通噪声水平 ,定量评价了道路交通噪声的污染状况。最后 ,根据澳门半岛交通密度高的特点 ,提出了新的环境噪声标准建议 ,并给出了逐步改善环境交通噪声的主要措施     

不同汞暴露水平地区鱼组织中汞和硒及其它元素的相关性

用仪器中子活化分析法测定了贵州汞污染地区和北京地区(对照)鱼肝脏和肌肉组织中硒及其它多种元素的含量,用原子荧光法测定了样品中汞的含量,并对汞和硒及其它元素间的相关性进行了研究.结果发现,贵州和北京鱼样的绝大多数元素在肝脏和肌肉中的含量都存在显著性差异,且大多是肝脏中的含量大于肌肉中的含量.贵州汞污染地区鱼肝中的汞含量要比北京的高25倍,而前者鱼肌肉中的汞含量也要比后者高5倍,但未发现两地鱼样中的硒存在类似的差异.对鱼组织中所测定的其它大部分元素未见两地间存在显著性差异.在汞含量较低的情况下,鱼组织中汞与硒的摩尔比值随汞含量的增加而增加,但当汞含量增大到一定程度,汞与硒的摩尔比值的变化趋势就大大减弱,并趋于某一较高的恒定值(约0.2).研究同一元素在鱼肝和肌肉中的相关性,仅发现溴、铷2个元素在鱼肝和鱼肌肉中有较强的线性正相关.在贵州和北京两地的鱼肝和肌肉组织中,虽然有不少元素间存在一定的相关性,但贵州鱼肌肉的汞与硒之间存在的相关性最强,贵州鱼肝的汞与硒间也存在较强的相关性;而在北京鱼组织中,仅鱼肝的汞与硒之间存在一定的相关性,鱼肌肉的汞与硒之间却未见有相关性存在.这一结果再次证实了汞暴露水平越高,硒对汞毒性的拮抗作用越明显.观察到的鱼组织中钾与钠,铯与铷等元素间显著的相关性可能与它们具有相似的理化性质有关.另外,在贵州和北京的鱼肌肉组织中均观察到铁与锌之间具有很强的线性正相关,这可用这2种元素在动物体中不同的生物学功能及在一定条件下它们间存在的拮抗作用来给予适当的解释.     

乙烯装置的本质安全设计与操作

为保证乙烯装置的长期稳定运行,通过本质安全的设计和合理化操作,主要从高压脱丙烷塔、碳二前加氢、前冷系统、脱乙烷塔、甲烷化、乙烯精馏塔、丙烯精馏塔、脱丁烷塔等方面对乙烯装置可能出现的偏离正常操作情况做了详细的阐述,具有一定的指导意义。     

抚河南昌段重金属空间分布特征及来源分析

为分析抚河南昌段流域水体中重金属空间分布特征及可能来源,2019年08月在抚河南昌段共采集了23个地表水样及8个地下水样,对水体中的重金属V、Mn、Ba、Fe、Sr、Zn及类金属元素As进行了测定.结果表明,水体中不同重金属空间分布特征总体趋势一致,即中下游地区高于上游地区,污染特征空间差异性为中等及以上.地表水中V、Fe、Mn的平均浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）集中式生活饮用水特定项目标准限值;地下水中类金属元素As平均浓度超过《地下水质量标准》（GBT14848-2017）Ⅲ类水质标准.多元统计分析表明Sr、Ba、Mn可能主要来源于人类生产、生活污染物的排放,Fe、V、Zn可能主要来源于农业渔业及交通污染,类金属元素As主要来源于沿岸及河流底部淤泥及岩石碎屑.     

中国竹林生态系统的碳储量

利用中国4次森林资源清查资料以及中国森林生态定位观测研究站(CFERN)的观测数据,估算了中国1977-2003年期间4个时期竹林生态系统的碳储量,并对其垂直分配结构特征、时空动态格局和贮碳潜力进行了分析.竹林的总碳储量结果为1977-1981年期间537.6Mt C,1984-1988年期问598.61Mt C,1994-1998年期间710.14 Mt C,1999-2003年期间837.92Mt C,期间浙江、江西、福建、湖南、广东和四川六省是中国竹林碳库的主要组成部分,占80.04%-83.13%.垂直分配结构基本相似,植被层占总碳储量的23.84%～24.49%,枯落物层占0.93%～0.96%,土壤层占的74.55%～75.23%.1999-2003年期间中国竹林生态系统碳素现存量为837.92 Mt C,10年后贮碳量将达到837.92 Mt C,并以C 54.81Mt·a-1.的平均积累速率递增.     

Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment

• Chlorine addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN from the sediment. • Chlorine has a long-term negative effect on microbial richness. • Usually enzymes lose activity, and expression of genes was downregulated. • Carbon degradation and nitrification might be strongly inhibited. Chlorine is often used in algal removal and deodorization of landscape waters, and occasionally used as an emergency treatment of heavily polluted sediments. However, the ecological impact of this practice has not been fully studied and recognized. In this study, NaClO at 0.1 mmol/g based on dry weight sediment was evenly mixed into the polluted sediment, and then the sediment was incubated for 150 days to evaluate its microbial effect. Results showed that NaClO addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN, Cr and Cu from the sediment. The microbial richness in the examined sediment decreased continuously, and the Chao1 index declined from 4241 to 2731, in 150 days. The microbial community composition was also changed. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased to 54.8% and 4.2% within 7 days compared to the control, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed gram-negative bacteria and aerobic bacteria enriched after chlorination. The functional prediction with PICRUSt2 showed the functions of the microbial community underwent major adjustments, and the metabolic-related functions such as carbon metabolism, including pyruvate and methane metabolisms were significantly inhibited; besides, 15 out of 22 analyzed key enzymes involved in C cycling and 6 out of 12 key enzymes or genes involved in N cycling were strongly impacted, and the enzymes and genes involved in carbon degradation and denitrification showed remarkable downregulation. It can be concluded that chlorination posed a seriously adverse effect on microbial community structure and function. This study deepens the understanding of the ecological effects of applying chlorine for environmental remediation.     

外循环厌氧反应器的工艺特征与运行性能研究

将UASB反应器多点进水装置进行改造,设计独特的变速旋流配水装置,具有配水均匀,混合效果好,不会产生短流的特点。研究结果表明,旋流配水装置容积利用率高,外循环能耗小,布水均匀性良好;中温条件下外循环反应器处理模拟啤酒配水,进水COD浓度为2000mg／L～3000mg／L,容积负荷可以达到22．7kgCOD／m^3·d,COD去除率最高可达92．46％。