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31.
Abdulatif A. Mansur Eric M. Adetutu Krishna K. Kadali Paul D. Morrison Yuana Nurulita Andrew S. Ball 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(18):10725-10735
The disposal of hazardous crude oil tank bottom sludge (COTBS) represents a significant waste management burden for South Mediterranean countries. Currently, the application of biological systems (bioremediation) for the treatment of COTBS is not widely practiced in these countries. Therefore, this study aims to develop the potential for bioremediation in this region through assessment of the abilities of indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms from Libyan Hamada COTBS for the biotreatment of Libyan COTBS-contaminated environments. Bacteria were isolated from COTBS, COTBS-contaminated soil, treated COTBS-contaminated soil, and uncontaminated soil using Bushnell Hass medium amended with Hamada crude oil (1 %) as the main carbon source. Overall, 49 bacterial phenotypes were detected, and their individual abilities to degrade Hamada crude and selected COBTS fractions (naphthalene, phenanthrene, eicosane, octadecane and hexane) were evaluated using MT2 Biolog plates. Analyses using average well colour development showed that ~90 % of bacterial isolates were capable of utilizing representative aromatic fractions compared to 51 % utilization of representative aliphatics. Interestingly, more hydrocarbonoclastic isolates were obtained from treated contaminated soils (42.9 %) than from COTBS (26.5 %) or COTBS-contaminated (30.6 %) and control (0 %) soils. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) separated the isolates into two clusters with microorganisms in cluster 2 being 1.7- to 5-fold better at hydrocarbon degradation than those in cluster 1. Cluster 2 isolates belonged to the putative hydrocarbon-degrading genera; Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Brevundimonas with 57 % of these isolates being obtained from treated COTBS-contaminated soil. Overall, this study demonstrates that the potential for PAH degradation exists for the bioremediation of Hamada COTBS-contaminated environments in Libya. This represents the first report on the isolation of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria from Libyan COTBS and COTBS-contaminated soil. 相似文献
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Assessment of the sustainability of alternatives to conventional uses of agricultural land, viz. organic systems and afforestation should include consideration of any effects on trace gas budgets. Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes and controlling soil properties were measured in an organic ley–arable rotation in north-east Scotland on a sandy loam. N2O fluxes were monitored in the ley and arable phases and in organic permanent grass (Lolium perenne) located nearby throughout the 3-year phase duration. Gas fluxes in woodland that had been converted from arable for 1 or 6 years were also measured in both north-east and south-east Scotland on sandy loam to clay loam soils. The climate is maritime and variable with annual rainfall between 800 and 900 mm. Within the organic rotation, differences in N2O fluxes between the ley and arable phases were less marked than in conventional agriculture. Although this was mainly because grassland emissions were low, some losses from the arable component were also relatively high. Seasonal rainfall had a major influence on cumulative emissions of N2O, including the first year after conversion from ley to arable. In the short term, changing land use from arable to woodland increased CH4 oxidation rates and decreased N2O emissions, though both these rates were also influenced by seasonal weather. Afforestation of agricultural land appears to be more beneficial to trace gas exchange than conversion to organic production. 相似文献
34.
The red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (L.), is a protogynous sparid associated with reefs and hard bottom habitat throughout the warm-temperate Atlantic Ocean.
In this study, the degree of geographic population differentiation in Atlantic populations was examined with microsatellite
and mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA). Six microsatellite loci were amplified and scored in 690 individuals from the eastern
North Atlantic (Crete, Madeira, and Azores), western North Atlantic (North Carolina to Florida, and the eastern Gulf of Mexico),
and Brazil. At two loci, fixed allelic differences were found among the three major geographic areas, while frequency differences
were observed at three other loci. The DNA of 371 individuals was amplified at the mtDNA control region, and 526 bp were sequenced.
Tamura–Nei’s D was used as a measure of nucleotide diversity and divergence: diversity averaged 0.011 within samples, while the corrected
divergence averaged 0 between samples within the same area and 0.061 between samples from different areas. Transversion haplotype
minimum spanning networks, nucleotide divergence, and F
ST values all show that the western Atlantic samples were more closely related to each other than any was to samples from the
eastern North Atlantic. Within the western North Atlantic, no significant population differentiation was observed, and within
the eastern North Atlantic, only the Azores sample showed detectable differences from Crete and Madeira. These data indicate
general homogeneity within large areas, and deep divisions between these areas.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
35.
Two exemplary exothermic processes, synthesis of nitroglycerine in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and synthesis of the explosive RDX in a CSTR, are used to demonstrate the dangers of ignoring the system dynamics when defining criteria for thermal criticality or runaway. Stability analyses are necessary to prescribe such criteria, and for these systems prove the presence of dangerous oscillatory thermal instability which cannot be detected using the steady state thermal balances. 相似文献
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The paper conducts a retrospective analysis of the relief and recovery efforts in the aftermath of the 2001 flood disaster in the Rawalpindi—Islamabad conurbation in Pakistan. The concept of recovery back to “normal” is questioned because “normal” life in the study area was characterized by extreme poverty, injustice, exposure, and vulnerability to hazards. A strong gender dimension to the experience of relief and recovery was found from the case study. It is suggested that participatory approach to needs assessment and actual relief and recovery, with special attention to gender variables, will go a long way towards linking recovery with long-term vulnerability mitigation. 相似文献
39.
B. J. Wiley D. H. Ball S. M. Arcidiacono S. Sousa J. M. Mayer D. L. Kaplan 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1993,1(1):3-9
The influence of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate source, along with concentration, was determined for effect on the weight average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and yield of pullulan produced byAureobasidium pullulans NRRL-Y 6220. Batch systems, scale-up batch, and continuous fermentations of 1 L and 10 L were also evaluated as were processing variables, including solvents, and extraction conditions. Products with weight average molecular weight from 1.0 × 105 to 4.0 × 106 were produced in 100-g quantities by varying fermentation conditions such as constituents of the culture medium, pH, and length of incubation. Three sets of culture conditions were defined for the formation of low (<5.0×105), medium (1.0–2.0×106), and high (>2.0×106) weight average molecular weight polymer. These defined molecular weight fractions of pullulan were used in further studies in producing films and fibers. 相似文献
40.
Schwebel DC Ball KK Severson J Barton BK Rizzo M Viamonte SM 《Journal of Safety Research》2007,38(5):501-509
INTRODUCTION: Motor-vehicle crashes kill roughly 4,500 American adults over the age of 75 annually. Among younger adults, one behavioral factor consistently linked to risky driving is personality, but this predictor has been overshadowed by research on cognitive, perceptual, and motor processes among older drivers. METHOD: In this study, a sample of 101 licensed drivers, all age 75 and over, were recruited to complete self-report measures on personality, temperament, and driving history. Participants also completed a virtual environment (VE) course designed to assess risk-taking driving behavior. State records of motor-vehicle crashes were collected. RESULTS: Results suggest both a sensation-seeking personality and an undercontrolled temperament are related to risky driving among older adults. Sensation-seeking was particularly related to history of violations and tickets, while temperamental control was more broadly related to a number of risky driving measures. Methodological and crash prevention issues are discussed. 相似文献