南四湖南阳湖区河口与湖心沉积物重金属形态对比研究

湖泊河口区与湖心区沉积条件不同,沉积物重金属等内源污染物的分布亦可能存在较大区别.为比较河口区与湖心区沉积物重金属赋存形态的空间差异,利用柱状沉积物采样器在南四湖南阳湖区湖心和河口分别获取原位柱状沉积物,在比较分析沉积物孔隙度、有机质、粒度及典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg)各形态垂向分布特征的基础上,对其相关性进行分析,并对表层(0~4 cm)沉积物重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,除Cd外,河口区沉积物Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg含量较湖心区高,泗河为南阳湖区重金属污染物的来源之一,沉积物重金属各形态含量在垂向分布上规律性不明显,且均主要以残渣晶格结合态存在,5种重金属元素中,Hg残渣晶格结合态所占比重最小(约30%),具有较高的迁移性,存在相对较大的生态风险.地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法研究结果表明,河口区与湖心区表层沉积物均受Hg及Cd的污染较重,Pb、Cu、Cr污染较轻,潜在生态危害指数法所得污染级别较地积累指数法高.相关性分析表明,沉积物Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg总量、可交换态、有机物及硫化物结合态、残渣晶格结合态含量与沉积物孔隙度、有机质相关系数多为正值,同粒度相关系数多为负值,同碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态的相关系数各异,无明显规律.     

河南油田GIS设备漏气故障分析与处理

介绍了河南油田GIS设备漏气故障的处理方法,分析了漏气的原因,提出了相应的防范措施.     

Effects of fluoride on the removal of cadmium and phosphate by aluminum coagulation

This study focuses on the effects of pH and fluoride at different molar ratios of fluoride to Al (R_F:Al) on the removal of cadmium (Cd²⁺) and phosphate by Al coagulation. Fluoride at R_F:Al ≥ 3:1 inhibits the removal of Cd over wide Al dose ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L as Al. The removal of phosphate decreases significantly at high R_F:Al of 10:1 whereas at lowered R_F:Al (i.e., ≤ 6:1), an adverse effect is observed only at insufficient Al doses below 2 mg/L. Fluoride shows inhibitive effects towards the removal of Cd at pH 7 and 8 and that of phosphate at pH 6. Fluoride decreases the ζ-potential in both systems, and the decreasing extent is positively correlated to the elevated R_F:Al. The Al fluoride interactions include the formation of Al–F complexes and the adsorption of fluoride onto Al(OH)₃ precipitates, i.e., the formation of Al(OH)_nF_m. Al–F complex formation inhibits Al hydrolysis and increases residual Al levels, and a more significant increase was observed at lower pH. Al–F complexes at high R_F:Al complicate the coagulation behavior of Al towards both negative and positive ionic species. Moreover, fluoride at low R_F:Al shows little effect on Al coagulation behavior towards Cd^2 + and phosphate, and the spent defluoridation adsorbent, i.e., aluminum (Al) hydro(oxide) with adsorbed fluoride at R_F:Al of below 0.1:1, may be reclaimed as a coagulant after being dissolved.     

Synthesis of carbon-coated magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4@C) and its application for sulfonamide antibiotics removal from water

The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment has recently raised serious concerns regarding their potential threat to human health and aquatic ecosystem. A new magnetic nanocomposite, Fe304@C （Fe304 coated with carbon）, was synthesized, characterized, and then applied to remove five commonly-used sulfonamides （SAs） from water. Due to its combinational merits of the outer functionalized carbon shell and the inner magnetite core, Fe3O4@C exhibited a high adsorption affinity for selected SAs and a fast magnetic separability. The adsorption kinetics of SAs on Fe304 @ C could be expressed by the pseudo second-order model. The adsorption isotherms were fitted well with the Dual-mode model, revealing that the adsorption process consisted of an initial partitioning stage and a subsequent hole-filling stage. Solution pH exerted a strong impact on the adsorption process with the maximum removal efficiencies （74% to 96%） obtained at pH 4.8 for all selected SAs. Electrostatic force and hydrogen bonding were two major driving forces for adsorption, and electron-donor-acceptor interactions may also make a certain contribution. Because the synthesized Fe304@C showed comprehensive advantages of high adsorptivity, fast magnetic separability, and prominent reusability, it has potential applications in water treatment.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

Distribution characteristics and indicator significance of Dechloranes in multi-matrices at Ny-lesund in the Arctic

In recent years, Dechloranes have been widely detected in the environment around the world.However, understanding and knowledge of Dechloranes in remote regions, such as the Arctic,remain lacking. Therefore, the concentrations of 5 Dechloranes in surface seawater, sediment,soil, moss, and dung collected from Ny-lesund in the Arctic were measured with the concentrations 93 pg/L, 342, 325, 1.4, and 258 pg/g, respectively, which were much lower than those in Asian and European regions. The mean ratios of anti-Dechlorane Plus(DP) to total DP(fanti) in seawater, sediment, soil, moss, dung, and atmospheric samples were 0.36, 0.21, 0.18,0.27, 0.66, and 0.43, respectively. Results suggested that the main source of DP in seawater,sediment, soil, and moss was long-range atmospheric transport. However, the ratio identified in dung was different, for which the migration behavior of the organism is probably the main source of DP.     

水切割技术在拆除废弃井井口盲板施工中的应用

在废井井口盲板拆除过程中,应用水切割技术安全切除了井口盲板,避免了井口的动火作业,为高风险区域拆除作业提供了一种安全做法.     

全球能源消费与CO2排放量

在收集全球能源储量和流通状况的基础上，综述了世界各地区能源消费量和各国人均能源水平，汇总了全球ＣＯ２排放总量及各大洲对全球ＣＯ２排放量的贡献率，到２１００年，全球Ｃ矿量预计将从目前６０亿ｔ／ａ增加到３６０亿ｔ／ａ，同时，旨出１９９６年中世界人口１８．８％的北美、欧洲、日本、ＣＯ２排放３１．６亿ｔ（碳），占全球当年ＣＯ２排放总量的５２．４％。     

东北平原西部沙地的气候变异与土地荒漠化

东北平原西部沙地位于欧亚大陆中纬度巨型沙带的东部边缘 ,为我国荒漠化土地的东缘。随着经济的发展 ,生态环境遭到严重破坏 ,荒漠化景观日益明显 ,前景令人堪忧。气候因素是荒漠化发展的一个基本因素 ,东北平原西部沙地是我国北方气候条件最好的沙区 ,但目前对于区域荒漠化驱动因子的气候因素影响方面的研究未开展系统的工作。论文系统分析了东北平原西部沙地影响荒漠化的现代气候因素特点 ,探讨了在较好气候条件下气候变异、人类活动与荒漠化之间的关系 ,并根据气候发展趋势预测了未来在自然因素作用下沙地的可能发展趋势。