Ligand-assisted degradation of carbon tetrachloride by microscale zero-valent iron

Degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by microscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) was investigated in batch systems with or without organic ligands (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and oxalic acid) at pHs from 3.5 to 7.5. The results demonstrated that at 25°C, the dechlorination of CT by microscale ZVI is slow in the absence of organic ligands, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0217 h(-1) at pH 3.5 and being further dropped to 0.0052 h(-1) at pH 7.5. However, addition of organic ligands significantly enhanced the rates and the extents of CT removal, as indicated by the rate constant increases of 39, 31, 32, 28 and 18 times in the presence of EDTA, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and oxalic acid, respectively, at pH 3.5 and 25°C. The effect of EDTA was most significant; the dechlorination of CT at an initial concentration of 20 mg l(-1) increased from 16.3% (no ligands) to 89.1% (with EDTA) at the end of 8h reaction. The enhanced CT degradation in the presence of organic ligands was primarily attributed to the elimination of a surface passivation layer of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides on the microscale ZVI through chelating of organic ligands with Fe(III), which maintained the exposure of active sites on ZVI surface to CT.     

电气石和沸石对土壤-小麦幼苗系统中重金属行为的影响

为探明电气石对重金属污染土壤的修复能力,本文采用盆栽方法研究了电气石对小麦幼苗的生长及对重金属积累的影响,并与常用改良剂沸石进行修复效果的比较.结果表明,添加电气石和沸石均能有效提高小麦幼苗的株高、干重和叶绿素含量,其中干重最大能提高1.56倍;电气石和沸石处理均能有效降低小麦幼苗对Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的积累,总体体现为电气石修复效果优于沸石,添加电气石组Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn最大分别降低37.93%、41.45%、16.35%和20.65%.因此,新型材料电气石可用于重金属污染土壤的修复.     

微波辐射对污水处理厂动态流活性污泥性能的影响研究

通过微波辐射对污水处理厂动态流活性污泥性能进行实验研究,考察了微波辐射3min内污泥沉降性能、脱水性能的变化,探讨了微波辐射对污泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)溶解率、上清液中COD和污泥微观形态的影响.结果表明,低强度的微波辐射对活性污泥相关性质的影响不显著,没有从根本上改善活性污泥的结构.适宜的微波辐射能显著改善活性污泥的沉降性能和脱水性能,500、700和900W微波辐射的适宜辐射时间分别为180、150和60s,此时,活性污泥的比阻为0.3×109S2·g-1左右,较原活性污泥减小了88%,泥饼含水率由原活性污泥直接抽滤的85.2%降低到70.0%.VSS溶解率和上清液COD都随着辐射功率及辐射时间的增加而升高.适宜的微波辐射能促进污泥的团聚絮凝,过度的辐射会破坏活性污泥结构,使活性污泥颗粒细小化,混合液黏度增大,导致脱水性能变差.通过动态流动下微波辐射对活性污泥性能影响的研究,可为微波辐射在活性污泥处理的实际应用提供理论依据.     

基于多时相遥感数据的典型区生态格局变化分析

利用1985、2000、2013年遥感影像提取的土地覆盖数据,通过景观格局指数、动态度计算、转移矩阵等,分析1985—2013年我国典型地区各类型生态系统景观格局及其动态变化特征、生态系统相互转化时空变化特征等,揭示1985—2013年生态环境格局变化的特点和规律:一级分类生态系统综合变化率,赣江、闽江、白龙江和岷江上游流域分别为4.7%、3.9%、3.3%和1.7%,生态系统变化强度1985—2000年较缓,2000—2013年更剧烈。1985—2013年典型区生态系统的主要转化方向具有持续性和双向性特征,岷江、白龙江和赣江上游流域退耕还林还草政策效果明显,出现较高比例的耕地转为森林和草地;面积占67.4%生态系统类型变化与耕地生态系统和人工表面生态系统变化有关;生态系统变化具有明显的区域差异,生态变化主要表现为沿主要河流谷地的线状延伸,主要城镇居民点附近生态系统类型变化较为突出,人类活动是典型地区生态系统类型格局变化的主要驱动力;典型区尤其是敏感区应加大退耕还林还草政策,减少人类经济活动,降低洪水泥石流灾害发生的概率和程度。     

大气颗粒物手工比对监测体系滤膜称量质控技术探讨

健全大气颗粒物手工比对监测体系是"十三五"环境空气自动监测质量管理的一项重点任务,其中颗粒物滤膜的称量直接影响手工监测数据质量。研究调研了国内各级环保部门所属环境监测机构颗粒物滤膜称量工作情况,结合国内外方法标准、技术规范等,重点探讨了称量实验室环境、称量设备、称量影响因素等滤膜称量质控要点,并针对环境管理与监测需求对大气颗粒物手工比对监测滤膜称量质控提出建议。     

南黄海鳀鱼产卵场大型底栖生物次级生产力研究

根据2001至2003年南黄海鳀鱼产卵期在鳀鱼产卵场33个站考察采集的大型底栖生物定量样品资料,利用Brey's(1990)的经验公式对调查海区进行了大型底栖生物栖息密度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物平均栖息密度为194.3 ind.m-2,平均生物量以去灰干重计,为4.08 g m-2,平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,为4.09 g m-2a-1.研究表明,生物量和次级生产力受水深的影响.平均P/B值在研究海域为1.32a-1.对研究结果与整个南黄海、渤海和东海的结果进行了比较与讨论,证明生产力随水深的加大而降低,P/B值随水温升高而升高.图2表1参25     

超滤膜处理油田采出水用于回注的试验研究

试验采用截留分子量为100 ku的PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯)超滤膜组件对大庆油田采出水进行了处理,处理水用于油田回注以减少清水的消耗和降低环境污染,同时确定了最佳操作条件和膜清洗方法并考察了超滤出水水质的影响.结果表明最佳的操作条件为:跨膜压差0.30～0.35 MPa,膜面流速3.0～3.5 m/s,温度35～40 ℃.超滤出水中的悬浮物、含油量均低于1.00 mg/L,粒径中值和SRB不能检出,超滤出水水质完全满足油田回注水标准.     

多径流出口水稻田非点源污染试验研究及验证

为验证一种水稻田非点源污染原位观测方法的准确性和适应性,以北京市上庄镇某试验水稻田为例,应用原位观测方法分别在水稻田进水口附近（4#观测点）和出水口附近（2#观测点）安装水位计观测稻田水深,利用同步观测的降雨数据以及田内5个采样点定期采集的水质数据,进行非点源污染试验研究,探究基于同一块水稻田不同位置的水深观测数据是否对该方法的应用产生影响.结果表明:①晒田期间,由于4#观测点处于相对低洼的位置,其水深数据显示4 d的无水期,与实际晒田时间相符,而2#观测点水深数据显示10 d无水.②基于2#、4#观测点水深数据得到总蒸散发和渗漏损失、总径流量以及灌溉量的相对偏差分别为1.3%、1.0%、1.8%;应用原位观测方法估算出该水稻田的灌溉量在2 620~2 710 m3之间.③基于2#、4#观测点水深得到的TN、NH₄+-N、NO₃--N、TP、COD_Cr输出系数的相对偏差在0.8%~8.0%之间.研究显示:水位计安装位置对原位观测方法应用的影响不大,且主要体现在晒田期的水深观测,建议将水位计安装在稻田相对低洼处,以确保能够完整地监测水稻生长季的水深变化;应用该方法能准确识别水稻田的径流量和灌溉量,对具有多个径流出口的水稻田非点源污染试验具有较好的准确性和适应性.      

Advanced treatment of biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater by a novel heterogeneous Fenton oxidation process

Sewage sludge from a biological wastewater treatment plant was converted into sewage sludge based activated carbon(SBAC) with Zn Cl2 as activation agent, which was used as a support for ferric oxides to form a catalyst(Fe Ox/SBAC) by a simple impregnation method.The new material was then used to improve the performance of Fenton oxidation of real biologically pretreated coal gasification wastewater(CGW). The results indicated that the prepared Fe Ox/SBAC significantly enhanced the pollutant removal performance in the Fenton process, so that the treated wastewater was more biodegradable and less toxic. The best performance was obtained over a wide p H range from 2 to 7, temperature 30°C, 15 mg/L of H2O2 and 1 g/L of catalyst, and the treated effluent concentrations of COD, total phenols,BOD5 and TOC all met the discharge limits in China. Meanwhile, on the basis of significant inhibition by a radical scavenger in the heterogeneous Fenton process as well as the evolution of FT-IR spectra of pollutant-saturated Fe Ox/BAC with and without H2O2, it was deduced that the catalytic activity was responsible for generating hydroxyl radicals, and a possible reaction pathway and interface mechanism were proposed. Moreover, Fe Ox/SBAC showed superior stability over five successive oxidation runs. Thus, heterogeneous Fenton oxidation of biologically pretreated CGW by Fe Ox/SBAC, with the advantages of being economical, efficient and sustainable, holds promise for engineering application.