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531.
The history of the establishment and management philosophies of the mainland Portuguese Protected Areas was reconstructed
through the use of written records and oral history interviews. The objectives were to review the main philosophies in the
creation and management of these areas, to assess the influence of international PA models, to compare the Portuguese case
with other European and international literature concerning PAs and to discuss the value of the oral history in this research.
As main results, it was found that the initial management model of “Wilderness (or Yellowstone)” was replaced by the “new
paradigm” of PAs when the democracy was re-established. Changes in the management philosophies within this “new paradigm”
were also identified, which resulted in the transition of a “Landscape” to a “Nature conservation” model. After the establishment
of the Natura 2000 network, the “Biodiversity conservation” model prevailed. It was also found that the initiative for the
establishment of most PAs came from the government, although there were few cases of creation due to the action of NGOs and
municipalities. Finally, oral history interviews enabled the addition of information to the literature review, but also provided
more insight and detail to this history. 相似文献
532.
Rosanna Mabilia Chiara Scipioni Francesco Vegliò Maria Concetta Tomasi Scianò 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(32):3942-3951
A new analytical method was developed for the determination of formaldehyde in ambient air based on the use of a modified configuration of the Analyst® passive sampler. It consists of a polyethylene cylinder filled with appropriate reactive adsorbent and a special anti-turbulence net which works as an ozone scrubber.The performance of a diffusive sampler depends critically on the selection and use of a suitable adsorbent and on environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity and the interference of oxidant species. In this study two adsorbent types were investigated: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) coated silica gel and Florisil® particles. Interference of ozone was removed by using a silver net upstream as an anti-turbulence device. The performance of this net was then compared with that of stainless steel. Furthermore, the aim of the work was the optimization of the adsorbent type and the study of the interference of ozone with particular attention placed on the effect of relative humidity and temperature.A dynamic system for generating a known concentration of the test gas (formaldehyde) in an appropriate exposure chamber was used to evaluate the performance of the passive sampler and to allow the calibration of the methodology. Inter-comparisons with a reference method, active sampling using 2,4-DNPH-silica gel coated cartridges, were also carried out. Results were in accordance with each other.Tests were planned using a statistical method based on Design of Experiment methodology. The operating conditions were chosen in order to obtain the best configuration of the passive device by evaluating the statistical significance of the different factors and their interactions by analysis of variance.Results showed that the best configuration was achieved using 2,4-DNPH Florisil® coated particles as an adsorbent and a silver anti-turbulence net as an ozone scrubber.With the aim of achieving further results in realistic conditions, some field experiments were also carried out. 相似文献
533.
534.
Maria Teresa García Gema Duque Ignacio Gracia Antonio de Lucas Juan F. Rodríguez 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):2-5
The amount of extruded polystyrene (XPS) waste has increased in recent years due to the increase of its use in the thermal
insulation of buildings, transport vehicles, and refrigerators, among others. Dissolution with suitable solvents to achieve
a volume reduction of more than 100 times without degradation of polymer chains is one of the cheapest and most efficient
methods of recycling XPS. Several environmentally friendly solvents have been tested as dissolution agents for XPS volume
reduction; the action of these solvents does not produce any degradation of polymer chains. The solubility of the polymer
in such solvents at different temperatures was investigated. The solvent can be easily recycled by distillation, obtaining
a high-quality recycled polymer.
Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6 相似文献
535.
Jabir Hussain Syed Ambreen Alamdar Ashiq Mohammad Karam Ahad Zunera Shabir Haroon Ahmed Syeda Maria Ali Syed Gul Abbas Shah Sani Habib Bokhari Kevin D. Gallagher Iftikhar Ahmad Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(23):13367-13393
The main objective of the review is to document, assess and analyze the results of the previously reported data on levels of different pesticides in selected fruits and vegetables from Pakistan. The findings of the previous studies clearly indicated that more than 50 % of the samples were contaminated with organophosphate, pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides. Many studies reported that among fresh fruits and vegetables tomato, apple, melon, mango, grapes, and plum crossed the FAO/WHO permissible limits for these contaminants residual levels. The comparison of other regions showed that observed levels were found above maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 50 % of the samples but were in agreement with the studies from neighboring countries like China and Bangladesh. Higher hazard risk index (HRI) values were calculated for dieldrin, methamidophos, o,p′-DDT, diazinon and p,p′-DDT in apple, mango, banana, melon, potato and onion. The review also highlights that data on pesticide residues in foodstuff is scarce which should be overcome by further extending studies from different areas of Pakistan. In order to ascertain the provision of food suitable for human consumption, it is imperative to monitor pesticides in food commodities by the country’s authorities and enforce guidelines based on permissible limits. 相似文献
536.
Paolo Montuori Teresa Cirillo Evelina Fasano Antonio Nardone Francesco Esposito Maria Triassi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(7):5023-5035
The Sarno River is nicknamed “the most polluted river in Europe”. The main goal of this study is to enhance our knowledge on the Sarno River water and sediment quality and on its environmental impact on the gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea) in order to become a useful assessment tool for the regional administrations. For these reasons, 32 selected polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and aldrin, α-BHC, β-BHC, δ-BHC, γ-BHC (lindane), 4,4′-DDD, 4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-DDT, dieldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulphate, endrin, endrin aldehyde, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide (isomer B) and methoxychlor were determined in the water dissolved phase (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 1.4 to 24.9 ng L?1 in water (sum of DP and SPM) and from 1.01 to 42.54 ng g?1 in sediment samples. The concentrations of total organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) obtained in water (sum of DP and SPM) ranged from 0.54 to 7.32 ng L?1 and from 0.08 to 5.99 ng g?1 in sediment samples. Contaminant discharges of PCBs and OCPs into the sea were calculated in about 1,247 g day?1 (948 g day?1 of PCBs and 326 g day?1 of OCPs), showing that this river should account as one of the main contribution sources of PCBs and OCPs to the Tyrrhenian Sea. 相似文献
537.
Chloe Indermuhle Maria J. Martín de Vidales Cristina Sáez José Robles Pablo Cañizares Juan F. García-Reyes Antonio Molina-Díaz Christos Comninellis Manuel A. Rodrigo 《Chemosphere》2013
The use of Conductive-Diamond Electrochemical Oxidation (CDEO) and Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation (CDSEO) has been evaluated for the removal of caffeine of wastewater. Effects of initial concentration, current density and supporting electrolyte on the process efficiency are assessed. Results show that caffeine is very efficiently removed with CDEO and that depletion of caffeine has two stages depending on its concentration. At low concentrations, opposite to what it is expected in a mass-transfer controlled process, the efficiency increases with current density very significantly, suggesting a very important role of mediated oxidation processes on the removal of caffeine. In addition, the removal of caffeine is faster than TOC, indicating the formation of reaction intermediates. The number and relative abundance of them depend on the operating conditions and supporting electrolyte used. In chloride media, removal of caffeine is faster and more efficiently, although the occurrence of more intermediates takes place. CDSEO does not increase the efficiency of caffeine removal, but it affects to the formation of intermediates. A detailed characterization of intermediates by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry seems to indicate that the degradation of caffeine by CDEO follows an oxidation pathway similar to mechanism proposed by other advanced oxidation processes. 相似文献
538.
Acid Mine Drainages (AMDs) from Hane? and Valea Vinului (Romania) closed mines were considered for characterization and treatment using a local zeolitic volcanic tuff, ZVT, (M?cica?, Cluj County, Romania). Water samples were collected from two locations, before and after discharging point in case of Hane? mine, and on three horizons in case of Valea Vinului mine. Physico-chemical (pH, total solid, heavy metal ions concentration) analyses showed that the environment is strongly affected by these AMD discharges even if the mines were closed years ago. Iron, manganese and zinc were the main pollutants identified in Hane? mine AMD, while zinc is the one mainly present in case of Valea Vinului AMD. A batch technique (no stirring) in which the ZVT was put in contact with the AMD sample was proposed as a passive remediation technique. ZVT successfully remove heavy metal ion from AMD. According to heavy metal ion concentrations, removal efficiencies are reaching 100%, varying as follows, Fe2+ > Zn2+ > Mn2+. When the ZVT was compared with two cationic resins (strong, SAR and weak acid, WAR) the following series was depicted, SAR > ZVT > WAR. 相似文献
539.
Luiz Eduardo Nochi Castro João Victor Furlan Santos Kátia Cristina Fagnani Helton José Alves Leda Maria Saragiotto Colpini 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(9):791-800
AbstractSugarcane vinasse is a by-product obtained during ethanol production in sugar-ethanol plants. For each 1?L of ethanol produced approximately 11?L of vinasse are generated. As this residue is obtained in high amounts, it is used as fertilizer in sugarcane crops. However, despite being rich in nutrients, sugarcane vinasse is approximately one hundred times more polluting than domestic sewage, making it an environmental problem. Thus, the aim of the present study was to propose a treatment sequence for sugarcane vinasse and evaluate the possibility of energetic use of the generated sludge in the coagulation/flocculation stage. pH, conductivity, turbidity and decreases in UV/Vis absorption spectra were determined for each treatment step. In addition, the upper calorific value of the generated sludge was also determined, while ash (adsorption treatment) and catalyst (heterogeneous photocatalysis) characterizations were also carried out. At the end of the treatment, initial vinasse turbidity was reduced by 100% and pH and conductivity values were stabilized. The sludge presented a higher calorific value of approximately 3,000?kcal kg?1 and the ash and catalyst displayed favorable characteristics to be applied to the sugarcane vinasse treatment stages. 相似文献
540.
Angeler DG Sánchez-Carrillo S Rodrigo MA Alvarez-Cobelas M Rojo C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,125(1-3):9-17
This study evaluates whether the size structure of seston (the sum of living and nonliving particles in the water column)
reflects the effects of fish on wetland water quality. Using enclosures, we measured water quality and zooplankton community
structure in the presence and absence of two fish species with distinct foraging strategies [benthivorous carp (Cyprinus
carpio) and planktivorous mosquitofish (Gambusia
holbrooki)]. Seston collected from the enclosures was counted and sized automatically with a Coulter counter, and the size structure
in the range of 1–60 μm was modelled using the underlying Pareto distribution of particles. Only Cyprinus contributed to a loss of water quality (increased nutrient levels, algal and non-algal turbidity, hypoxia), while both fish
species changed zooplankton community composition compared to fishless controls. However, these changes were not reflected
in parameters [goodness of fit (r
2) and parameter c (slopes)] of Pareto models. Multivariate statistics suggest that seston size structure responded more to environmental gradients
related to water depth but the relationships were also weak. Our overall result contrasts with the regulation of size spectra
constructed from living organisms. Although seston integrates many structural and functional features of the water column,
the lack of strong relationships between Pareto model parameters and water quality suggests that a size-based approach to
characterise seston structure has a limited potential for assessing biota-mediated effects in wetlands in a straightforward
manner. 相似文献