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931.
Jaimes-López JL Sandoval-Fernández J González-Ortíz E Vázquez-García M González-Macías U Zambrano-García A 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2005,55(6):841-846
Leakages of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are suspected to contribute greatly to ozone (O3) formation in Mexico City. We tested such a hypothesis by outdoor captive-air irradiation (CAI) experiments in the two largest Mexican metropolitan areas: Guadalajara (GMA) in 1997 and Mexico City (MCMA) in 2000. O3 was monitored in each city for 20 days (8:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m.) in smog chambers containing unaltered morning air or morning air enriched with either commercial LPG or LPG synthetic mixture 60/40 (propane and butane). Tested additions of both components were 35% (by volume) in GMA and 60% (by volume) in MCMA. The addition effects on O3 (max) were compared with effects from diluting LPG components or total nonmethane hydrocarbons (tNMHCs) by 50%. Diluting tNMHCs had the greatest absolute effect at both cities: it lowered O3 (max) by 24% in GMA and 55% in MCMA. Adding commercial LPG increased O3 (max) by 6% in GMA and 28% in MCMA; whereas adding LPG synthetic mixture 60/40 caused a similar increase in O3 (max), 4 and 21% in GMA and MCMA, respectively. Compared with dilution of tNMHCs, dilution of LPG-associated compounds had a smaller decreasing effect on O3 (max), only 4% in GMA and 15% in MCMA. These results show that commercial LPG and LPG synthetic mixture 60/40 affect O3 formation to a lesser extent than estimated previously. 相似文献
932.
933.
Monthly variation in photosynthesis, dark respiration, chlorophyll a content and carbon: nitrogen (C:N) ratios in different lamina sections of adult plants of Ascoseira mirabilis Skottsberg from King George Island, Antarctica, was investigated between September 1993 and February 1994. Light saturated net photosynthesis (P
max) showed maximum values in September (12 to 25 mol O2 g-1 fr wt h-1), and decreased towards the summer to values ranging between 2.0 and 5.0 mol O2 g-1. In the distal section, however, a second optimum occurred in December (25 mol O2 g-1 fr wt h-1). Dark respiration rates were also highest in October and November and decreased strongly in December to February (6.0 and 1.0 mol O2 g-1 fr wt h-1, respectively). Gross photosynthesis exhibited high values between September and December. Concomitant with the seasonal decrease of photosynthetic efficiency () from mean values of 1.2 mol O2 g-1 fr wt h-1 (mol photons cm-2 s-1)-1 in September to 0.3 mol O2 g-1 fr wt h-1 (mol photons cm-2 s-1)-1 in January, the initial light saturating point (I
k) gradually increased from 19 to 60 mol photons m-2 s-1. Likewise C:N ratios were low in spring (12 to 13) and increased in summer (20). In general, the photosynthetic parameters P
max, gross photosynthesis, and Chl a concentrations were significantly higher in the distal section of the thallus. In contrast, C:N ratios were lower in the distal section of the lamina. The results show that photosynthesis obviously strongly supports growth of the alga in late winter to spring, as it does in some morphologically related brown algae from temperate and polar regions. The question whether growth is additionally powered 相似文献
934.
Fernando Gómez 《Marine Biology》2007,151(5):1899-1906
The morphology and distribution of the diatoms Chaetoceros tetrastichon and Ch. dadayi as epiphytes on the loricae of the tintinnids Eutintinnus apertus and E. pinguis investigated in the open waters of the Pacific Ocean. The Eutintinnus–Chaetoceros consortia was encountered in 38 of the 52 sampling stations from 34°N to 33°S, and together were among represented the most
wide-spread species. The abundance was low with a maximum of 32 consortia l−1 and E. apertus was often the most abundant species of the genus. The free-living Eutintinnus congeneric species showed a wider vertical distribution, whereas E. apertus–Chaetoceros tended to be near the surface. The success of E. apertus in consortium with Chaetoceros may be due to increase of the clearance rate and/or the lower susceptibility to predation. Chaetoceros modifies its morphology to adapt the epiphytic life, especially Ch. dadayi. The shorter curved setae may facilitate the transfer to the lorica of the daughter tintinnid after the cell division. The
free-living Ch. tetrastichon and Ch. dadayi are very rare and Chaetoceros remained attached to empty loricae or encysted tintinnid cells. This suggests that the Eutintinnus–Chaetoceros consortium is obligate for the success of the diatom and renders the tintinnid more competitive versus congeneric species. 相似文献
935.
János Török Rita Hargitai Gergely Hegyi Zoltán Matus Gábor Michl Péter Péczely Balázs Rosivall Gyula Tóth 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(4):541-550
Birds may influence the fitness of their offspring by transmission of different amounts of carotenoids to their eggs. Carotenoids
play crucial roles in antioxidant protection and immune defence mechanisms, but they may be available to females in limiting
amounts. Therefore, their allocation to the eggs may be influenced by the female’s condition, age and environmental circumstances.
Furthermore, the quality of the male parent, which affects the reproductive value of the offspring, may also influence this
investment. In this correlational study, we investigated proximate and ultimate factors that may lead to variation in yolk
lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene concentrations among and within clutches of a wild passerine, the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). We found that carotenoid concentration was positively associated with caterpillar supply at the time of egg formation,
which suggests a proximate constraint of carotenoid availability on yolk composition. Neither female condition, body size,
age, nor male plumage ornamentation, age and body size correlated with carotenoid deposition. Yolk β-carotene concentration
was found to be positively linked to yolk testosterone concentration. We suggest that females allocated more β-carotene to
their eggs to mitigate the potentially detrimental effects of elevated steroid concentration. We found that concentration
of β-carotene increased with laying order. The possible function of this pattern may be to enhance the resistance to oxidative
stress and pathogens of the disadvantaged last-hatching nestling, suggesting that collared flycatchers pursue a compensatory,
“brood survival” strategy. 相似文献
936.
Margarida Cardoso da Silva António Carmona Rodrigues 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2004,10(1):13-24
The need for a better management of estuaries requires an environmental characterization following a methodology that allows
the comparison of distinct estuarine systems and the assessment of their evolution. The peculiar characteristics of estuaries,
in particular their intrinsic variability, make this characterization difficult and there is no commonly accepted general
methodology available. The approach followed in freshwater ecosystems is generally based on the concept of environmental indicators,
but such a concept has not been developed for estuaries. Indeed, a different approach is needed here, due to the spatial heterogeneity
and the different time scales associated with the processes that control water quality.
This paper presents a proposal for a methodology that starts with observed values and uses a procedure to integrate these
values in time and space in order to calculatesignificant values, upon whichnormalized indicators are built which take into account criteria based either on legal, scientific or heuristic concentration limits. A normalization
is carried out in two steps: (1) application of a mathematical operator to theignificant values, (2) transformation using the concept ofpenalty curves. This methodology may be complemented with the definition ofquality classes, particularly appealing and useful, as tools to communicate with decision makers and the public in general.
Water quality data pertaining to the Tejo estuary are used to test the methodology. 相似文献
937.
K. Różański 《Environment international》1979,2(3):139-143
For over 20 years the radioactive noble gas 85Kr, the product of nuclear industry, has been released to the environment mainly from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Owing to its relatively long half-life and the absence of other appreciable sinks, a cumulative buildup of 85Kr in the atmosphere is observed. The mean 85Kr surface air activity in the northern hemisphere has increased from about 20 dpm/mmol Kr in 1950 to about 750 dpm/mmol Kr in 1977. In recent years, a substantial slow-down of the 85Kr emission rate to the atmosphere has been observed. The published data indicate rather good mixing of 85Kr in the northern hemisphere, but a gradient is observed in the southern hemisphere due to the fact that all nuclear fuel reprocessing plants are situated in the northern hemisphere and due to poor mixing of the atmosphere in the meridional direction.This paper summarizes nearly all of the data on 85Kr activity in the atmosphere published up to the middle of 1978. The spatio-temporal distribution of 85Kr atmospheric activity is discussed. Some forecasts of future 85Kr concentration in the atmosphere and its possible ecological consequences are also presented. 相似文献
938.
A new methodology to evaluate the overall environmental hazard of unknown mixtures, based on bioconcentration potential and toxicity, was developed using a combination of two methodologies: 1) the estimation of the octanol-water partition coefficient (K(ow)) using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and 2) the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE). Forty seven compounds with known K(ow) and different molecular structures where used for the calibration of the log K(ow) in relation to the retention time in reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A linear regression with an R(2)=0.81 and an sd=0.69 was established between log K(ow) and RP-HPLC retention time. This K(ow) estimation method was furthermore validated using seven additional compounds, showing acceptable estimations of the log K(ow) of unknown substances. Two different mixtures were tested, one containing 3,4 Dichloroaniline, Diazinon and 4-Nonylphenol and another one containing a mixture of 16 pesticides. Both mixtures were first tested as a whole effluent and then fractionated and tested, using a miniaturized Daphnia magna test. An equation is presented, that combines both methodologies and establishes a relative hazard index RHI, ranging from 1 to 10 for any particular mixture of chemicals. The results show how the method presented can refine the security factors that could be included in the environmental risk assessment of effluents in the future. 相似文献
939.
Enchytraeids (Enchytraeus albidus) directly improve the pore structure of the soil and are indirectly involved in regulating the degradation of organic matter. Due to their behavior they are able to avoid unfavorable environmental conditions. Avoidance tests allow a first assessment of toxicity of a contaminated or spiked soil within 48 h, by using the reaction of the enchytraeids as measurement endpoint. In this period, the organisms can choose between the control soil and the test soil. In the tests reported here, enchytraeids were exposed to LUFA 2.2 soil spiked with the following set of toxic substances: copper chloride, zinc chloride, cadmium chloride, phenmedipham, benomyl, carbendazim, dimethoate, atrazine, pentachlorophenol, chlorpyriphos, lindane, TBTO, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS) and boric acid. Different chemical concentrations were tested. EC50s ranged from 8 mg/kg (Carbendazim) to >1000 mg/kg (e.g. LAS). While the tested heavy metals showed clear dose-response relationships, the effect pattern differed considerably in the tests with organic chemicals, e.g. no avoidance behaviour was observed in LAS, even at very high doses. Here we proposed to standardize the Enchytraeid avoidance test in a way similar to what is currently done for the earthworm and collembolan avoidance tests by the International Standardisation Organisation (ISO). 相似文献
940.
Parasites and health affect multiple sexual signals in male common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Multiple advertising sexual traits may either advertise different characteristics of male condition or be redundant to reinforce reliability of signals. Research has focused on multiple visual traits. However, in animals that use different multiple additional sensory systems, such as chemoreception, different types of traits might have evolved to signal similar characteristics of a male quality using different sensory channels. We examined whether ventral coloration and chemicals in femoral gland secretions of male common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis, are affected by their health state (blood-parasite load and cell-mediated immune response). Our results indicated that less parasitized lizards had brighter and more yellowish ventral colorations and also femoral secretions with higher proportions of two esters of octadecenoic acid. In addition, lizards with a greater immune response had more saturated coloration and secretions with higher proportions of octadecenoic acid methyl ester. We suggest that these signals would be reliable because only healthier males seemed able to allocate more carotenoids to coloration and presumably costly chemicals to secretions. The use of multiple sensory channels may provide more opportunities to signal a male quality under different circumstances, but also may reinforce the reliability of the signal when both types of traits may be perceived simultaneously. 相似文献