地下水污染的数值模拟及污染预测研究——以迁安市某项目的Cr~(6+)污染为例

针对地下水污染的数值模拟及污染预测问题,以迁安市某项目为例,建立了厂区及邻近地区地下水渗流模型和溶质运移模型,选用该项目的特征污染物Cr6+作为模拟因子,介绍了研究区水文地质条件,包括厂区位置及地形地貌、场地水文地质条件和场地水文地质试验,给出了建立地下水渗流数值模型,主要有地下水渗流数值模型和数值模型构建及识别验证,对地下水污染模拟预测,包括源强设定及模拟预测原则、地下水污染模拟预测和对地下水中Cr6+的浓度变化。     

Occurrence and impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in the air and soil around a municipal solid waste incinerator

To assess the influence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) on the environment in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs), we determined the levels of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples collected around a MSWI, which is the largest in China. The International Toxicity Equivalency Quantity(I-TEQ) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air samples were from 0.0300 to 1.03 pg I-TEQ/m~3(0.445–13.6 pg/m~3), with an average of 0.237 pg I-TEQ/m~3, while in soil samples they ranged from 0.520 to 3.40 pg I-TEQ/g(2.41–88.7 pg/g) with an average of1.49 pg I-TEQ/g. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air and soil samples were comparable to other areas, and Pe CDFs were the dominant contributors, which was different from stack gas homologue patterns. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that PCDD/Fs emission from the MSWI did not directly affect the profiles of PCDD/Fs in air and soils, so that vehicles and unidentified emission sources should be considered. The daily inhalation levels of PCDD/Fs for children(0.0110 to 0.392 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) and adults(0.00600 to 0.221 pg I-TEQ/(kg·day) near the MSWI were lower than the tolerable daily intake of 1.00 to 4.00 pg WHO-TEQ/(kg·day), but in winter the values were higher than in summer. These results can be used as basic data for assessing the risk of PCDD/Fs exposure in residents living around this MSWI, and more monitoring programs and studies should be carried out around MSWIs.     

Effect of wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) on fine particle (PM2.5) emission from coal-fired boilers

In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.     

水温和C/N对土地生物过滤处理系统氮去除的影响

在流量为40 L/d、回流比为200％的条件下,以碎石为填料,结合小试实验研究了温度和COD/NH4+-N(C/N)对AO型污水土地生物过滤处理系统,处理人工生活污水中氮的影响.实验结果表明,随水温和C/N的升高,首先系统对NH4+-N的去除率先增大后减小,当水温为7.3℃、C/N为5时,系统对NiH4+-N的去除率最高,达到了91.1％;其次系统反硝化率逐渐升高,当水温为8.2℃、C/N为6时,反硝化率达到了95.4％;此外,系统中硝化反硝化作用受到影响,导致对TN的去除率先增大后减小,当水温为8.2℃、C/N为6时,系统对TN的去除率达到49.91％.在厌氧阶段,系统TN的去除主要靠反硝化作用将硝酸盐氮脱除,并且存在中间产物积累;进入好氧阶段,系统通过硝化作用将氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮,只是氮素形态的转化,并未从系统中脱氮.     

典型重工业城市空气重污染过程特征与来源解析

为揭示邯郸市空气污染过程及形成原因,以邯郸市环境监测中心为采样点,对采样滤膜进行离子和碳质组分测试,探讨PM_2.5组分浓度变化特征,并利用WRF-CAMx空气质量模型模拟分析2017~2018年秋冬季3次重污染前后邯郸市各个地区各类污染源大气污染排放对PM_2.5质量浓度的贡献.结果显示,重污染期间邯郸市水溶性粒子占PM_2.5质量浓度的62.4%,二次离子中呈现NO₃^- > SO₄^2- > NH₄⁺变化趋势.受地面均压场和高压底部控制及500hPa高空纬向环流影响,污染物水平方向和垂直方向传输受到抑制,同时边界层高度的降低进一步加剧PM_2.5污染浓度的升高,随着西伯利亚东部高压和欧亚大陆高压南下以及边界层高度的上升,3次重污染过程得以彻底清除.PSAT示踪模块结果表明复兴区,丛台区和永年区是邯郸市PM_2.5浓度贡献的主要区县,3个区县重污染贡献总和为66.8%~72.2%,重污染时段冶金,交通源和居民散煤燃烧是3大主要污染源.     

邯郸市大气污染源排放清单建立及总量校验

邯郸作为"2+26"城市主要的重工业城市之一,位于京津冀南北传输通道的核心位置,在京津冀地区大气污染协同调控中处于重要地位.为改善当地空气质量,以邯郸市为研究对象,基于拉网式调查获取详细活动水平数据,结合相关排放因子,得到2016年邯郸市大气污染源排放清单;采用WRF-CMAQ（气象-空气质量）数值模型,模拟了2016年典型季节代表月（1月、4月、7月、10月）的空气质量,验证了数值模型的准确性;最后基于总量校验方法,反向估算了邯郸市典型污染物的排放总量,对初始大气污染源排放清单进行校验.结果表明:①2016年邯郸市SO₂、NO_x、TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO、VOCs、NH₃的总排放量分别为78 533、183 126、497 466、258 940、124 637、3 735 355、200 309、187 299 t.②工业源是SO₂、NO_x、PM_2.5、CO和VOCs的主要排放源,分别占总排放量的74.5%、54.5%、30.6%、76.7%和28.1%;无组织扬尘源对TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5的贡献较大,分别占总排放量的58.5%、43.6%、30.3%;NH₃的主要排放源为农畜氨及人体和其他氨,二者排放的NH₃占总排放量的96.9%.③总量模型估算得到邯郸市PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂年排放量分别为152 739、79 405、206 549 t;对比分析校验前、后典型污染物排放发现,校验前的大气污染源排放清单可能低估了PM_2.5和NO_x的排放量.研究显示,邯郸市污染物排放量较大,工业源为主要排放源,建议相关部门加强对工业源的管控力度.      

微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定芦苇笋中的镉

采用密闭微波消解-火焰原子吸收光谱法对洞庭湖区芦苇笋中的镉进行了测定.结果表明,密闭微波消解是一种非常有效的植物样品前处理方法,对国家标准物质灌木枝叶的测定结果与推荐值吻合,表明该方法准确可靠.     

土壤粗胡敏素对铜离子的吸附作用及其影响因素

以暗棕壤为供试土壤,应用批量平衡法,研究了不同pH、离子强度、温度、Cu2+浓度和反应时间条件下,粗胡敏素(CHM)对Cu2+的吸附作用,并与相应胡敏酸(HA)的吸附作用进行了比较.结果表明:pH为2～4时,CHM对Cu2+的吸附率较低;随着pH的提高,吸附率增大;pH=7时,吸附率接近100%.随离子强度(0.01～1.00mol·L-1)增加,CHM对Cu2+的吸附量下降,其对Cu2+的吸附包括电性和专性吸附2种作用.随温度(25～45℃)的升高和Cu2+浓度(0～1000mg·L-1)的增加,CHM对Cu2+的吸附量增加,并与Langmuir方程拟合程度最好,25℃和45℃时的最大吸附量分别为12.61mg·g-1和14.31mg·g-1.CHM对Cu2+的吸附动力学过程可划分为快速(0～120min)和慢速(120～1440min)反应阶段,抛物线扩散方程拟合效果最好,与HA相比,CHM对Cu2+的吸附规律与HA相似,但其吸附量低于HA;表观热力学参数(△G、△H、△S)表明,CHM对Cu2+的吸附是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程,Cu2+在CHM上的吸附力大、活动性小、不易解吸,而在HA上的吸附力小、活动性大、容易解吸;活化能(E)和活化热力学参数(△G#、△H#、△S#)表明,CHM对Cu2+吸附所需能量多、活化熵高、吸附速率小,而HA对Cu2+吸附所需能量少、活化熵低、吸附速率大.     

Comprehensive benefit evaluation of eco-industrial parks by employing the best-worst method based on circular economy and sustainability

At the aim of solving the increasing conflicts among the economic growth, resource shortage, and environmental aggravation, the eco-industrial park becomes a significant research issue to achieve sustainable development and circular economy. Therefore, evaluating the comprehensive benefit of eco-industrial parks and providing references and policy formulation in supporting the improvement of construction and management level for eco-industrial parks are of great significance. In this paper, a hybrid framework was proposed to assess the comprehensive benefit of eco-industrial parks in terms of circular economy and sustainability. Firstly, the evaluation index system was constructed by using grey-Delphi method, which included economic benefit criteria, social benefit criteria, and environmental benefit criteria with nine quantitative sub-criteria and four qualitative sub-criteria. Then, a new comparison-based method, namely the best-worst method, was employed to determine the weights of all sub-criteria and the performance values of all selected eco-industrial parks with respect to the qualitative sub-criteria. Finally, five selected representative eco-industrial parks in China were ranked in terms of comprehensive benefit, and the optimal eco-industrial park was selected. According to the results of comprehensive benefit evaluation for eco-industrial parks, the strengths and weaknesses of each eco-industrial park were obvious. At the end, the recommendations for the effective and rapid development of eco-industrial parks were formulated.