The total greenhouse warming potential of technical systems: analysis for decision making.

Mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) warming of the atmosphere concerns many industrial and government sectors. Since no quantitative measures existed to compare the complete effects of processes and their GHG emissions, past decisions were based primarily on qualitative or partial analyses. Three developments extending existing methods are proposed. First, a systems perspective should be used to facilitate identification of all GHGs associated with industrial or agricultural operations and reduce chances of unanticipated side effects following any decision. Second, the entire life-cycle plus aftereffects should be used to portray system time effects. Third, a Warming Forcing Factor and Index are suggested for use to completely describe the effect of each GHG emitted by a system and relate it to useful output, as well as to composite the effects of all emissions. As an illustration of its suitability for individual technology assessments, results are presented for a biomass-to-methanol vehicle fuel system.     

长江口宝山孔沉积物中多环芳烃的分布

长江口宝山一个典型孔沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)研究表明:PAHs总量分布在(0.08～11.74)×10-6.总的和单个PAHs化合物随深度发生明显的变化,主要特征为亚表层含量最大,然后向表层以及随深度的增加而趋于降低.依据荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)值以及2～3环与3～4环PAH化合物分布特点,显示出热解成因(主要为大气沉降)可能是孔沉积物,尤其是亚表面中PAHs的主要来源.但从甲基萘与萘的比率所显示的PAHs分布样式来看,孔剖面附近的污水排放也将可能是重要的石油成因的PAHs来源.文中提出,两种输入的叠加混合,是产生上述分布特征的主要原因.另外,河口及近岸沉积物及其水系统的物化条件、沉积速率、物质交换及生物扰动等也将影响PAHs在孔剖面中的分布和赋存.     

Historical record and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in core sediments from the Yangtze Estuary, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sediment core taken from intertidal flat in the Yangtze Estuary were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the total concentration of PAHs ranged from 0.08 to 11.74 microg/g. The concentration levels of total and individual PAHs changed dramatically with depth. The concentrations of PAHs were relatively high above 35 cm depth and remained constantly low below this depth. The historical record of PAHs in the core shows subsurface maximum (one or more peak values), followed by decreased levels to the surface and with depth. And, PAH sediment record in the core profile is in agreement with historically sewage discharge events during the 1980s to 1990s. The distribution of target molecule acenephthene, the fluoranthene/pyrene ratio, the proportion of 2-3-ring and 4-5-ring PAHs, and alkylated naphthalene to parent naphthalene in the core profile show that the sources in this area are characterized by petroleum-derived PAH contamination (mainly sewage discharge and the river runoff) and the incorporation of atmospheric inputs. Studies indicate the PAH profile pattern in this site in comparison with other regions appear to reflect its particular local position (near the sewage outlet). Moreover, physico-chemical conditions and sedimentation rate as well as biodegradation also affect the PAH concentration levels in the core sediments.