温度对沉水植物腐解释放DOM及微生物群落多样性的影响

在5,10,20,35℃下研究了黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解过程中DOM的特性、细菌和真菌群落结构多样性的变化.结果表明,腐解结束时5,10,20,35℃下黑藻的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的59.13%、43.91%、32.61%和29.57%,马来眼子菜的干物质剩余量分别为初始干物质质量的69.13%、51.3%、30.87%和29.57%.升高温度一定程度上促进了植物有机碳和全氮释放,对全磷无明显影响（P>0.05）.采用平行因子分析法得到黑藻中含有2种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和1种类蛋白质组分C3,马来眼子菜中含有3种类腐殖酸组分C1、C2和C3.温度升高使得腐解水体中DO和电导率的变化程度加剧,总体上4种温度下2种植物腐解水体中DO均呈现先下降后上升的趋势.通过高通量测序得到腐解前期（0~16d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的主要细菌分别为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;腐解中后期（16~68d）参与黑藻和马来眼子菜腐解的细菌分别以厚壁菌门（Phylum Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主,温度对细菌群落结构无明显影响,而参与2种植物腐解的真菌均以子囊菌（Ascomycetes）最为活跃.     

矿区土壤中砷污染对微生物群落的影响研究

采用梯度培养和PCR-DGGE技术,对大柳塔矿区矸石山及周边土壤的砷含量及其对土壤微生物群落的影响进行了研究,并通过测序研究了土壤微生物群落的结构。结果表明,矸石山及其周边自然表土的含水量较少,且十分相近;全磷和有机质含量普遍较高,p H呈中偏碱性;不同风化程度矸石山土壤砷含量对土壤微生物群落有显著的影响,不同砷污染负荷土壤中微生物群落的丰度存在差异;矸石山复垦年限不同,土壤理化性质会发生变化;土壤中砷含量的增高,对植物生长起关键作用的Gemmatimonas(甲烷单毛菌属)等微生物群落受到不同程度的抑制;Proteobacterium(变形菌门)具有较强的耐砷性;矸石山土壤特有的理化性质可为GASP-WA2W2_F11等微生物群落的演替创造了条件。     

基于可持续生计的农村家庭灾后恢复研究

灾后恢复研究相对较少,是整个灾害治理/应急管理全流程(减灾、备灾、救灾和灾后恢复)中最需要加强的部分。目前大部分灾后恢复研究都侧重于物质重建,缺少全面的视角。本文借鉴被广泛用于发展领域内的可持续生计分析框架来分析农村家庭灾后恢复过程,希望为灾后恢复研究提供一个全面的视角,同时对可持续生计分析框架在灾害治理研究中的适用性进行一定的验证。本文所用数据来自于一项跟踪调查。研究地点为汶川地震某重灾县。首次问卷调查在2009年1月份开展,采用分层抽样方法,以访谈员面对面访问的形式,共在该县3个乡镇(9个村)调查了515户居民。第二次回访在2012年夏天进行,共完成415户家庭回访工作,回访率约为80.56%。通过对比两次调查所得415户相同农户家庭的生计资本(自然资本、金融资本,人力资本,物资资本,社会资本)数据,研究发现整体上农户所拥有的五类生计资本在灾后恢复阶段都有较大提升,其中物资资本增幅最高,其次是自然资本,金融资本,社会资本,增幅最小的是人力资本。生计资本在整体增加的同时,不同家庭间的物资、金融、人力和自然资本差距(标准差)也有所加大,但社会资本差距(标准差)有所减少。研究结果也从侧面证实了我国汶川地震灾后恢复主要侧重于物质重建,而且灾后恢复效果明显。同时,为灾难事件可以增强社会凝聚力提供了证据。跟踪调查中社会资本在灾后显著升高,而且不同家庭间的差距变小。研究表明,可持续生计分析框架可以为以家庭和社区为单元的灾害研究提供一个较好的分析工具。     

Limited occurrence of denitrification in four shallow aquifers in agricultural areas of the United States

The ability of natural attenuation to mitigate agricultural nitrate contamination in recharging aquifers was investigated in four important agricultural settings in the United States. The study used laboratory analyses, field measurements, and flow and transport modeling for monitoring well transects (0.5 to 2.5 km in length) in the San Joaquin watershed, California, the Elkhorn watershed, Nebraska, the Yakima watershed, Washington, and the Chester watershed, Maryland. Ground water analyses included major ion chemistry, dissolved gases, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes, and estimates of recharge date. Sediment analyses included potential electron donors and stable nitrogen and carbon isotopes. Within each site and among aquifer-based medians, dissolved oxygen decreases with ground water age, and excess N(2) from denitrification increases with age. Stable isotopes and excess N(2) imply minimal denitrifying activity at the Maryland and Washington sites, partial denitrification at the California site, and total denitrification across portions of the Nebraska site. At all sites, recharging electron donor concentrations are not sufficient to account for the losses of dissolved oxygen and nitrate, implying that relict, solid phase electron donors drive redox reactions. Zero-order rates of denitrification range from 0 to 0.14 micromol N L(-1)d(-1), comparable to observations of other studies using the same methods. Many values reported in the literature are, however, orders of magnitude higher, which is attributed to a combination of method limitations and bias for selection of sites with rapid denitrification. In the shallow aquifers below these agricultural fields, denitrification is limited in extent and will require residence times of decades or longer to mitigate modern nitrate contamination.     

废旧弹药装药倒空方法的研究进展

随着弹药武器装备的更新换代,以及库存弹药超过储存年限,报废弹药销毁量越来越大,伴随出现的事故也越来越多,使得国内外对废旧弹药处理技术高效、安全、环保的要求也越来越高。基于废旧弹药的绿色回收利用技术,总结了废旧弹药装药倒空方法的国内外研究现状,分析了加热熔融、钻屑吸出、水射流冲洗、水力空化、低温冲洗、冷循环、超声振动及仿形钻削与干冰喷射复合8种倒药方法的优缺点,从高效、安全、环保和能否实现弹体与装药完全分离的角度,指出超声振动倒空法安全性好,倒空速度快,处理过程绿色无污染,可实现装药与壳体高效完全分离,具有广阔的发展前景,值得推广和深入研究;仿形钻削与干冰喷射复合倒空法集合了仿形钻削的高效率、无污染,能实现生产线的自动化控制,以及干冰喷射处理的炸药品种多、不存在"三废"等优点,是未来研究的主要方向之一。     

广西会仙岩溶湿地典型抗生素污染特征及生态风险评估

为确定会仙岩溶湿地不同介质中抗生素的污染特征及来源,利用液相色谱串联质谱联用仪分析了磺胺类(SAs)、氟喹诺酮类(FQs)和四环素类(TCs)三大类20种抗生素的含量.结果表明,研究区内水土介质监测的抗生素中共检出12种,检出浓度范围为n.d～106 ng·L~(-1),其中,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)的浓度最高.各环境介质中,以养殖用水和地表河水中检出的抗生素种类相对较多,分别为10种和8种,溶潭水和土壤中则检出的抗生素种类较少.因子分析结果显示,会仙湿地水体中的典型抗生素来源可归为两类,一类以受外源污染为主,从而导致地表河水中磺胺氯达嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)检出浓度较高,一类受湿地内养殖污染,从而造成水土介质中磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SMD)、甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)和金霉素(CTC)检出.水体中检出的抗生素主要受溶解氧(DO)影响,此外,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)和强力霉素(DOX)与NH~+_4存在一定的协同污染关系.风险评估结果表明,恩诺沙星(ENR)处于高风险的范围内,磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)和氧氟沙星(OFL)处于中等风险,中等风险的抗生素主要集中在地表河水中,高风险抗生素则在养殖用水中.整体来看,研究区水体中抗生素存在一定的风险.因此,针对这一现象应减少存在生态风险抗生素的使用,并对有潜在风险的抗生素加以防范.     

废液中CODcr的治理与利用

研究了废液中CODCr的治理与利用.废液处理工艺流程简单,实用,回收了其中的金属,并根据需要将它们制备成相应的化学试剂,用于研究.实验结果令人满意.     

Progression of natural attenuation processes at a crude-oil spill site: I. Geochemical evolution of the plume

A 16-year study of a hydrocarbon plume shows that the extent of contaminant migration and compound-specific behavior have changed as redox reactions, most notably iron reduction, have progressed over time. Concentration changes at a small scale, determined from analysis of pore-water samples drained from aquifer cores, are compared with concentration changes at the plume scale, determined from analysis of water samples from an observation well network. The small-scale data show clearly that the hydrocarbon plume is growing slowly as sediment iron oxides are depleted. Contaminants, such as ortho-xylene that appeared not to be moving downgradient from the oil on the basis of observation well data, are migrating in thin layers as the aquifer evolves to methanogenic conditions. However, the plume-scale observation well data show that the downgradient extent of the Fe2+ and BTEX plume did not change between 1992 and 1995. Instead, depletion of the unstable Fe (III) oxides near the subsurface crude-oil source has caused the maximum dissolved iron concentration zone within the plume to spread at a rate of approximately 3 m/year. The zone of maximum concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) has also spread within the anoxic plume. In monitoring the remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated ground water by natural attenuation, subtle concentration changes in observation well data from the anoxic zone may be diagnostic of depletion of the intrinsic electron-accepting capacity of the aquifer. Recognition of these subtle patterns may allow early prediction of growth of the hydrocarbon plume.     

中国省会城市紧凑度与城镇化水平关系

紧凑型城市建设作为新时期有效避免城市无序蔓延发展、提升城市发展质量和实现土地资源高效利用的新途径,探明城市紧凑度与城镇化的关系对实现城市可持续发展至关重要。基于此,以中国30个省会城市和直辖市为研究对象,综合运用熵值法和容量耦合系数模型测度省会城市紧凑度和城镇化的综合水平,并分析了二者的耦合协调关系。结果发现:（1）2006-2016年间中国省会城市紧凑度东、中、西部地区依次递减,东部省会城市水平最高,整体紧凑度随时间呈增长趋势;（2）高低紧凑度城市逐渐减少,中低紧凑度城市逐渐成为主体;（3）我国大多数省会城市紧凑度与城镇化关系整体以濒临协调为主,总体由失调状态向协调状态演变。     

典型污染场地六六六残留特征分析

在历史上受某六六六(HCH)生产企业污染的场地采集土壤样品,分析和研究土壤中HCH的污染水平和污染分布趋势.结果表明,∑HCH值最大为271.72 mg·kg-1,HCH污染主要集中在表层(深度:0～20 cm)、亚表层(深度:20～40 cm)土壤,表层、亚表层土壤中HCH含量远高于深层(深度:40～150 cm)土壤中HCH含量;β-HCH含量最高,远高于其他3种异构体;通过Kriging法插值,画出表层土壤中∑HCH的等值线图,可清晰地看出HCH的分布趋势.本污染场地表层的硬化阻止了雨水的浸润作用,使HCH向下迁移缓慢,HCH含量随深度增加而降低,HCH污染深度较浅.