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281.
Michael Van Loy Tina Bahadori Ron Wyzga Ben Hartsell Eric Edgerton 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):1446-1458
ABSTRACT The Aerosol Research and Inhalation Epidemiology Study (ARIES) was designed to provide high-quality measurements of PM25, its components, and co-varying pollutants for an air pollution epidemiology study in Atlanta, GA. Air pollution epidemiology studies have typically relied on available data on particle mass often collected using filter-based methods. Filter-based PM2.5 sampling is susceptible to both positive and negative errors in the measurement of aerosol mass and particle-phase component concentrations in the undisturbed atmosphere. These biases are introduced by collection of gas-phase aerosol components on the filter media or by volatilization of particle phase components from collected particles. As part of the ARIES, we collected daily 24-hr PM2.5 mass and speciation samples and continuous PM2.5 data at a mixed residential-light industrial site in Atlanta. These data facilitate analysis of the effects of a wide variety of factors on sampler performance. We assess the relative importance of PM2.5 components and consider associations and potential mechanistic linkages of PM2.5 mass concentrations with several PM2.5 components. For the 12 months of validated data collected to date (August 1, 1998-July 31, 1999), the monthly average Federal Reference Method (FRM) PM2 5 mass always exceeded the proposed annual average standard (12-month average = 20.3 ± 9.5 ug/m3). The particulate SO4 2- fraction (as (NH4)2SO4) was largest in the summer and exceeded 50% of the FRM mass. The contribution of (NH4)2SO4 to FRM PM2.5 mass dropped to less than 30% in winter. Particu-late NO3 - collected on a denuded nylon filter averaged 1.1 ± 0.9 ug/m3. Particle-phase organic compounds (as organic carbon × 1.4) measured on a denuded quartz filter sampler averaged 6.4 ± 3.1 ug/m3 (32% of FRM PM2 5 mass) with less seasonal variability than SO4 2-. 相似文献
282.
Shi L Bayless DJ Kremer G Stuart B 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2007,57(4):489-496
A numerical model for simulation of the electrohydrodynamic flow in an electrically enhanced cyclone is presented. A finite element approach was applied to solve the coupled equations for the positive corona-induced electric field. Three-dimensional simulations of gas flow were carried using Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations including the Reynolds stress model and the electrohydrodynamic effect. Numerical results show that the change in the flow profile because of the influence of the corona-induced electric field is apparent when the inlet flow rate is low but is negligible at higher flow rates. 相似文献
283.
Changing household responses to drought in Tharaka, Kenya: vulnerability, persistence and challenge 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Drought is a recurring challenge to the livelihoods of those living in Tharaka District, Kenya, situated in the semi-arid zone to the east of Mount Kenya, from the lowest slopes of the mountain to the banks of the Tana River. This part of Kenya has been marginal to the economic and political life of Kenya from the colonial period until the present day. A study of more than 30 years of change in how people in Tharaka cope with drought reveals resilience in the face of major macro-level transformations, which include privatisation of landownership, population growth, political decentralisation, increased conflict over natural resources, different market conditions, and environmental shifts. However, the study also shows troubling signs of increased use of drought responses that are incompatible with long-term agrarian livelihoods. Government policy needs to address the challenge of drought under these new macro conditions if sustainable human development is to be achieved. 相似文献
284.
Effect of carbon tetrachloride on sonochemical decomposition of methyl orange in water 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Two types of sonicators were used for the sonochemical decomposition of methyl orange (MO) in the presence and absence of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4): One is a 45kHz ultrasonic cleaning bath (a low intensity sonicator) and the other is a 200kHz ultrasonic reactor (a high intensity sonicator). It was clearly confirmed that the rates of the sonochemical decomposition of MO increased with increasing the concentration of CCl4 in both sonicators. The enhancement effect of CCl4 was much higher in the high intensity sonicator than in the low intensity one: by the addition of 100ppm of CCl4, the decomposition ratio of MO with the high intensity sonicator became 41 times larger, while that with the low intensity sonicator became 4.8 times larger. Based on the obtained results, it was suggested that the formed cavitation phenomenon was different between sonicators. It was also suggested that the sonochemical decomposition of MO in the presence of CCl4 would be useful to evaluate the sonochemical efficiency, because the rate of MO decomposition can be effectively enhanced by the sonolysis of CCl4. 相似文献
285.
阜阳电厂灰水氟化物浓度的确定及对地下饮用水源污染预测 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
目前在火电厂环境影响评价中,主要利用类比法和实验法确定灰水中氟化物的浓度。文章提出了一种新的方法--计算法。该方法以氟的迁移转化规律为基础,以物料平衡原理为依据,充分考虑煤源、煤质、除尘方式、除灰方式、排灰方式及冲灰水水质等影响因素。与类比法和实验法相比,该法简便、可靠、实用、经济。鉴于阜场附近地区地下水饮用水源污染的可能性,影响程度及发生时间。 相似文献
286.
Hédi Ben Mansour Yosra Ayed-Ajmi Ridha Mosrati David Corroler Kamel Ghedira Daniel Barillier Leila Chekir-Ghedira 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(7):1371-1378
Introduction
Acid violet 7 (AV7), mostly used in food, paper, cosmetic, and especially in textile industries, was degraded by Pseudomonas putida mt-2 at concentrations up to 200 mg/l. 相似文献287.
The adaptive role of resistance formed in housefly larvae exposed to different stress factors, namely Bitoxibacillin, Malathion,
and high and low temperatures, has been estimated. Comparison of biotic parameters in the original line and in all selected
(derivative) lines indicates that the resistance to stress factors formed in the derivative lines due to selection over 25
generations does not always coincide with the improvement of their adaptation potential. 相似文献
288.
289.
Tilapia, a tropical freshwater fish native to Africa, is an increasingly important global food commodity. The World Wide Fund
for Nature (WWF), a major environmental nongovernmental organization, has established stakeholder dialogues to formulate farm
certification standards that promote “responsible” culture practices. As a preface to its “tilapia aquaculture dialogue,”
the WWF for Nature commissioned a review of potential certification issues, later published as a peer-reviewed article. This
article contends that both the review and the draft certification standards subsequently developed fail to adequately integrate
critical factors governing the relative sustainability of tilapia production and thereby miss more significant issues related
to resource-use efficiency and the appropriation of ecosystem space and services. This raises a distinct possibility that
subsequent certification will promote intensive systems of tilapia production that are far less ecologically benign than existing
widely practiced semi-intensive alternatives. Given the likely future significance of this emergent standard, it is contended
that a more holistic approach to certification is essential. 相似文献
290.