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91.
92.
Park SS Kozawa K Fruin S Mara S Hsu YK Jakober C Winer A Herner J 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(10):1046-1056
Fuel-based emission factors for 143 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) and 93 heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) were measured in Wilmington, CA using a zero-emission mobile measurement platform (MMP). The frequency distributions of emission factors of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), and particle mass with aerodynamic diameter below 2.5 microm (PM2.5) varied widely, whereas the average of the individual vehicle emission factors were comparable to those reported in previous tunnel and remote sensing studies as well as the predictions by Emission Factors (EMFAC) 2007 mobile source emission model for Los Angeles County. Variation in emissions due to different driving modes (idle, low- and high-speed acceleration, low- and high-speed cruise) was found to be relatively small in comparison to intervehicle variability and did not appear to interfere with the identification of high emitters, defined as the vehicles whose emissions were more than 5 times the fleet-average values. Using this definition, approximately 5% of the LDGVs and HDDTs measured were high emitters. Among the 143 LDGVs, the average emission factors of NO(x), black carbon (BC), PM2.5, and ultrafine particle (UFP) would be reduced by 34%, 39%, 44%, and 31%, respectively, by removing the highest 5% of emitting vehicles, whereas CO emission factor would be reduced by 50%. The emission distributions of the 93 HDDTs measured were even more skewed: approximately half of the NO(x) and CO fleet-average emission factors and more than 60% of PM2.5, UFP, and BC fleet-average emission factors would be reduced by eliminating the highest-emitting 5% HDDTs. Furthermore, high emissions of BC, PM2.5, and NO(x) tended to cluster among the same vehicles. 相似文献
93.
研究构建了2个容积为1.1 L的好氧活性污泥反应器(即1号和2号反应器)1,号反应器每天直接通加低剂量臭氧(投加量为0.01 g O3/g TSS),不加臭氧的2号反应器作为对照平行运行,均采用每天换一次人工污水的充/排式操作。运行71 d的结果表明2,个反应器对人工污水COD的处理效果基本相同。反应器运行40 d后1,号反应器的污泥浓度比2号反应器的污泥浓度低1 400~1 700 mg/L并可稳定在8 200 mg/L,污泥减量化效果明显。低剂量臭氧的直接通加明显降低了胞内ATP浓度,并影响了微生物的抗氧化活性,2号反应器的平均超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶酶活比1号反应器分别高了24.3%和9.5%。PCR-DGGE对两反应器微生物种群的分析结果表明:Uncultured gammaproteobacteria bacteri-um、Nannocystis exedens和Uncultured actinobacterium为1号反应器的主要种群;而2号反应器的主要种群为Uncultured bacte-rium和Uncultured gammaproteobacteria bacterium。 相似文献
94.
Contaminants in the coastal karst aquifer system along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Metcalfe CD Beddows PA Bouchot GG Metcalfe TL Li H Van Lavieren H 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(4):991-997
Intensive land development as a result of the rapidly growing tourism industry in the “Riviera Maya” region of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico may result in contamination of groundwater resources that eventually discharge into Caribbean coastal ecosystems. We deployed two types of passive sampling devices into groundwater flowing through cave systems below two communities to evaluate concentrations of contaminants and to indicate the possible sources. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products accumulated in the samplers could only have originated from domestic sewage. PAHs indicated contamination by runoff from highways and other impermeable surfaces and chlorophenoxy herbicides accumulated in samplers deployed near a golf course indicated that pesticide applications to turf are a source of contamination. Prevention and mitigation measures are needed to ensure that expanding development does not impact the marine environment and human health, thus damaging the tourism-based economy of the region. 相似文献
95.
Pujol Pereira EI Chung H Scow K Sadowsky MJ van Kessel C Six J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(2):401-407
We investigated the influence of elevated CO2 and O3 on soil N cycling within the soybean growing season and across soil environments (i.e., rhizosphere and bulk soil) at the Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment (SoyFACE) experiment in Illinois, USA. Elevated O3 decreased soil mineral N likely through a reduction in plant material input and increased denitrification, which was evidenced by the greater abundance of the denitrifier gene nosZ. Elevated CO2 did not alter the parameters evaluated and both elevated CO2 and O3 showed no interactive effects on nitrifier and denitrifier abundance, nor on total and mineral N concentrations. These results indicate that elevated CO2 may have limited effects on N transformations in soybean agroecosystems. However, elevated O3 can lead to a decrease in soil N availability in both bulk and rhizosphere soils, and this likely also affects ecosystem productivity by reducing the mineralization rates of plant-derived residues. 相似文献
96.
Estimating Remediation and Contaminant Respiration Emissions for Alternatives Comparisons at Petroleum Spill Sites
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Greenhouse gas emissions assessments for site cleanups typically quantify emissions associated with remediation and not those from contaminant biodegradation. Yet, at petroleum spill sites, these emissions can be significant, and some remedial actions can decrease this additional component of the environmental footprint. This article demonstrates an emissions assessment for a hypothetical site, using the following technologies as examples: excavation with disposal to a landfill, light nonaqueous‐phase liquid (LNAPL) recovery with and without recovered product recycling, passive bioventing, and monitored natural attenuation (MNA). While the emissions associated with remediation for LNAPL recovery are greater than the other considered alternatives, this technology is comparable to excavation when a credit associated with product recycling is counted. Passive bioventing, a green remedial alternative, has greater remedial emissions than MNA, but unlike MNA can decrease contaminant‐related emissions by converting subsurface methane to carbon dioxide. For the presented example, passive bioventing has the lowest total emissions of all technologies considered. This illustrates the value in estimating both remediation and contaminant respiration emissions for petroleum spill sites, so that the benefit of green remedial approaches can be quantified at the remedial alternatives selection stage rather than simply as best management practices. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
97.
Adverse effects in wild fish living downstream from pharmaceutical manufacture discharges 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sanchez W Sremski W Piccini B Palluel O Maillot-Maréchal E Betoulle S Jaffal A Aït-Aïssa S Brion F Thybaud E Hinfray N Porcher JM 《Environment international》2011,37(8):1342-1348
A set of biochemical and histological responses was measured in wild gudgeon collected upstream and downstream of urban and pharmaceutical manufacture effluents. These individual end-points were associated to fish assemblage characterisation. Responses of biotransformation enzymes, neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption biomarkers revealed contamination of investigated stream by a mixture of pollutants. Fish from sampled sites downstream of the industrial effluent exhibited also strong signs of endocrine disruption including vitellogenin induction, intersex and male-biased sex-ratio. These individual effects were associated to a decrease of density and a lack of sensitive fish species. This evidence supports the hypothesis that pharmaceutical compounds discharged in stream are involved in recorded endocrine disruption effects and fish population disturbances and threaten disappearance of resident fish species. Overall, this study gives argument for the utilisation of an effect-based monitoring approach to assess impacts of pharmaceutical manufacture discharges on wild fish populations. 相似文献
98.
Russell M. Wise Graham P. von Maltitz Robert J. Scholes Chris Elphinstone Renee Koen 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(7):579-604
Minimising the cost of repeatedly estimating C (C) stocks is crucial to the financial viability of projects that seek to sell
C credits. Depending on the price of C, this may imply less or more sampling effort than would be applied for science objectives.
In systems with heterogeneous C pools, such as savannas, this translates into a variable-effort sampling strategy that maximises
the marginal additional C that can be claimed per incremental unit of effort expended. Analysis of a savanna in north-eastern
South Africa indicates relatively modest returns per hectare due to the small C quantities and low sequestration rates. Under
these conditions, areas in excess of 1,000 ha and infrequent sampling frequencies of 5–10 years are required to make such
projects financially viable. For such projects the sample variance, number of samples, cost per sample and establishment costs
have negligible impacts on financial viability. It was also found that the soil-C pool contributes up to three times the net
returns of the aboveground C pool and provides a strong argument to monitor soil C for certification and market trading. The
financial viability estimates, however, do not include the management or opportunity costs incurred in changing the land use.
The economies of scale identified in this study combined with the massive area covered by savannas indicate that these additional
costs can be covered. Further research is recommended to quantify these costs and interrogate the feasibility of large scale
(in excess of 10,000 ha) C-sink projects in savanna systems. 相似文献
99.
100.
David Sinclair Richard J. Countess Benjamin Y. H. Liu David Y. H. Pui 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):661-663
The diffusion battery, an assembly of circular tubes or rectangular channels, is one of the best devices available for measuring the size and size distribution of submicron aerosols in the diameter range 0.002 to 0.2 µ m. The performance of these batteries is known from molecular diffusion theory, but until now has not been checked experimentally in this size range because of the lack of the necessary monodisperse aerosols. Experimental measurements on singly charged monodisperse aerosols from 0.01 µm to 0.1 µ m are described using a General Electric and a Pollak condensation nucleus counter to measure the aerosol penetration through the stages of a set of portable diffusion batteries in series. Particle sizes in the range tested could be selected at will by adjusting the voltage of an electric mobility classifier. The fraction of aerosol of a given size passing through each battery stage was found to agree closely with the penetration calculated from molecular diffusion theory for that size. This shows that the theory is correct and confirms that the aerosol produced by the electric mobility classifier was monodisperse. In addition, it was found that the difference in penetration between a charged versus a neutralized aerosol was insignificant except for the smallest aerosols used. 相似文献