华北地区1951-2009年气温、降水变化特征

基于华北五省(市)64个基本气象站的1961-2009年逐年逐月气温、降水资料, 利用泰森权重计算了华北地区面平均降水及面平均气温,并建立了7个长序列气象站的气温、降水与面平均值的回归方程,展延了研究区1951-1960年面平均降水和气温资料。对展延后的1951-2009年序列数据,应用Mann-Kendall检验、Mann-Whitney检验、9 a滑动平均等方法进行趋势分析,分析结果显示: 该区59 a间年气温上升了1.5 ℃,年气温序列存在显著上升趋势,年气温序列在1993年前后有一个突变点,年气温距平以1989年为低温期与高温期的分界线,年气温平均每10 a增长2.2%;年降水序列无显著趋势,亦无显著跳跃趋势,年降水距平大致以1976年为多雨期与少雨期的分界线,年降水平均每10 a增长-1.3%。研究成果为深入分析华北地区气候变化规律、未来气候变化影响,以及水资源对气候变化的响应提供了基础。     

Effects of irrigation,fertilization and crop straw management on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China

One-year winter wheat–summer maize rotation is the most popular double cropping system in north-central China, and this highly productive system is an important source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions due to the high fertilizer N and irrigation water inputs. To sustain the high crop production and mitigate the detrimental impacts of N₂O and NO emissions, improved management practices are extensively applied. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the effects of an improved management practice of irrigation, fertilization and crop straw on grain yield and N₂O and NO emissions for a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China. Using automated and manual chamber measuring systems, we monitored N₂O and NO fluxes for the conventional (CT, 2007–2008), improved (IT, 2007–2008), straw-amended (WS, 2008–2009), straw-not-amended (NS, 2008–2009), and no N-fertilizer treatments (WS–NN, 2008–2009), respectively, for one rotation-year. The grain yields were determined for CT and IT for three rotation-years (2005–2008) and for WS, NS and WS–NN for one rotation-year (2008–2009). The improved management of irrigation and fertilization reduced the annual N fertilization rate and irrigation amount by 17% and 30%, respectively; increased the maize yield by 7–14%; and significantly decreased the N₂O and NO emissions by 7% (p < 0.05) and 29% (p < 0.01), respectively. The incorporation of wheat straw increased the cumulative N₂O and NO emissions in the following maize season by 58% (p < 0.01) and 13%, respectively, whereas the effects of maize straw application were not remarkable. The N₂O and NO emission factors of applied N were 2.32 ± 2.32% and 0.42 ± 1.69% for wheat straw and 0.67 ± 0.23% and 0.54 ± 0.15% for chemical N-fertilizers, respectively. Compared to conventional management practices using high application rates of irrigation water and chemical N-fertilizer as well as the field burning of crop straw, the improved management strategy presented here has obvious environmentally positive effects on grain yield and mitigation of N₂O and NO emissions.     

SBR不同进水中反硝化除磷颗粒污泥的培养

分别以人工配水、加Ca~(2+)人工配水和实际生活污水为进水水源,在A/O/A运行模式的3套SBR反应器(R1、R2和R3)中培养反硝化除磷颗粒污泥,研究了其生化特性和启动过程的除污性能,分析了反硝化除磷能力,最后对颗粒化机理进行了探讨,重点考察了反硝化除磷颗粒污泥启动过程中对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的去除情况.结果表明,R1~R3均在30 d内成功得到反硝化除磷颗粒污泥,颗粒污泥平均粒径大于600μm,比重和比耗氧速率较大,含水率较低;培养过程中出水COD平均值低于40 mg·L~(-1),出水TN、NH+4-N及TP平均浓度低于1 mg·L~(-1);系统稳定后一个典型周期内试验表明,COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的去除效果良好,对COD、NH+4-N、TN及TP的去除率可达90%以上;R1~R3中最大比释磷速率分别达14.34、8.32和2.32 mg·g·h~(-1)(以每g MLVSS每小时释放的P量(mg)计),R1~R2中最大比吸磷速率分别达14.13和2.34mg·g·h~(-1)(以每g MLVSS每小时吸收的P量(mg)计);试验结果表明,Ca~(2+)对颗粒化有促进作用.     

应用O/E模型评价淮河流域典型水体底栖动物完整性健康的研究

本研究尝试采用我国已有的季风气候区底栖动物观测值(O)/期望值(E)比值模型,在无足够数量参照样点的情况下,建立淮河流域O/E指数健康评价指标体系,评价淮河流域典型水体底栖动物物种组成完整性现状.于2014年夏季(8月)和秋季(11月)分别调查了淮河流域20和25个典型水体的底栖动物和水质指标.O/E模型评价结果表明,监测点位在PC(Probabilities of Capture)0和PC≥0.5条件下,夏季和秋季的物种期望丰富度分别约为25和9.所有25个点位中,仅1个点位为健康,其余为一般或较差;模型控制自然梯度后O/E0和O/E50值均没有显著的季节性差异(p=0.565和0.229).环境胁迫因子(TN、EC、CODCr和p H)和土地覆盖数据(水体比例、湿地比例、裸地比例、森林比例和草地比例)对秋季O/E50和O/E50-null的解释量高于夏季,TN是能够解释淮河流域典型水体夏季O/E指数变异最多的环境因子,p H和CODCr是能够解释秋季O/E指数变异最多的环境因子.研究表明,在缺少有效参照点位构建评价指标体系的情况下,在淮河流域应用已经构建的季风气候区底栖动物O/E指数模型进行健康评价是比较可靠的方法.     

Regeneration of commercial selective catalyst reduction catalysts deactivated by Pb and other inorganic elements

The regeneration of commercial SCR(Selective Catalyst Reduction) catalysts deactivated by Pb and other elements was studied.The deactivated catalyst samples were prepared by chemical impregnation with mixed solution containing K_2SO_4,Na_2SO_4,CaSO_4,Pb(NO_3)_2and NH_4H_2PO_4.A novel method combining Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt(EDTA-2Na) and H_2SO_4solution(viz.catalysts treated by dilute EDTA-2Na and H_2SO_4 solution in sequence) was used to recover the activity of deactivated samples,and the effect was compared with single H_2SO_4,oxalic acid,acetic acid,EDTA or HNO_3 solutions.The surface structure,acidity and reducibility of samples were characterized by N_2adsorption–desorption,inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray fluorescence(XRF),H-2-temperature programmed section(H_2-TPR),NH3-temperature programmed desorption(NH3-TPD) and in situ DRIFTS.Impurities caused a decrease of specific surface area and surface reducibility,as well as Br?nsted acid sites,and therefore led to severe deactivation of the SCR catalyst.The use of an acid solution alone possibly eliminated the impurities on the deactivated catalyst to some extent,and also increased the specific surface area and Br?nsted acid sites and promoted the surface reducibility,thus recovered the activity partially.The combination of EDTA-2Na and H_2SO_4 could remove most of the impurities and improve the activity significantly.The removal of Pb should be an important factor for regeneration.Due to a high removal rate for Pb and other impurities,the combination of EDTA-2Na and H_2SO_4 solutions provided the best efficiency.     

海口市湿地保护修复经验

本文从海口湿地资源现状及特点、湿地面临威胁与问题、湿地保护修复经验等几个方面深入分析,总结了近年来海口市湿地保护修复工作的主要经验与启示,总结出"海口经验",即高位推动、顶层规划、示范带动、全民参与、合理利用,并对海口未来需要重点关注的内容提出了建议。在当今生态文明建设战略背景下,保护好人类发展的绿色基础设施——湿地,将产生巨大的生态、社会和经济效益。因此,将"海口经验"推向全国,并在全国形成示范作用,对落实湿地保护与合理利用的相关政策与制度、提高全民湿地保护意识、推动我国湿地保护管理进程具有重要意义。     

明胶厂剩余高钙污泥作为燃煤固硫剂的应用研究

明胶生产产业在废水处理工艺中产生大量剩余高钙污泥,采用该剩余污泥作为燃煤固硫剂,在高温管式电阻炉内进行燃烧实验,通过测定燃烧前和燃烧后样品中的硫含量确定该剩余污泥的固硫效果。通过单因素研究煤粉粒径、剩余污泥粒径和剩余污泥/煤样%等影响因素对固硫率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上通过正交设计法优选达到较高固硫率的实验条件。实验结果表明:影响固硫率的因素从大到小依次为燃烧温度>剩余污泥/煤样%>煤粉粒径>剩余污泥粒径。以剩余污泥作为固硫剂,固硫率最高的实验条件为:燃烧温度800℃,剩余污泥/煤样为3%,煤粉粒径60⁹0目,剩余污泥粒径9090目,剩余污泥粒径90¹20目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90120目。并且,当温度达到1150℃,煤粉粒径90¹20目,剩余污泥粒径为60120目,剩余污泥粒径为60⁹0目,污泥/煤样(质量比)为3%时,固硫率可达62.78%,说明在高温下该剩余污泥保持较高的固硫率。将明胶厂剩余污泥作为固硫剂是较为合适的再利用方法,可有效缓解当前该污泥大量堆积污染环境的状况。     

基于环境因子和邻近信息的土壤属性空间分布预测

为探索乡镇尺度上土壤属性空间分布预测的最佳方法,以江西省万年县齐埠镇为例,借助四方位搜索法、地统计学和遥感影像分析技术提取环境因子（地形因子和植被覆盖指数）和邻近信息[w（有机质）与w（速效钾）],构建OK法（普通克里金法）、RK1法（仅基于环境因子的回归克里金法）以及RK2法（基于环境因子和邻近信息的回归克里金法）对齐埠镇耕地表层（0~20 cm）土壤w（有机质）、w（速效钾）空间分布进行预测.结果表明:齐埠镇土壤w（有机质）平均值为35.03 g/kg,w（速效钾）平均值为96.73 mg/kg,均为中等空间变异性.对62个样点进行建模,16个测试样点进行独立验证的误差分析表明,RK2法对土壤w（有机质）、w（速效钾）预测结果的均方根误差、平均绝对误差和平均相对误差较OK法分别降低了18.05%、18.01%、21.77%和7.25%、9.49%、9.84%;较RK1法分别降低了22.48%、20.91%、22.02%和9.27%、12.61%、13.52%.研究显示,RK2法明显提高了土壤w（有机质）、w（速效钾）空间分布模拟精度,并且存在改进和提高的空间.      

大鹏湾近岸海域叶绿素a的时空分布特征

根据2015年度大鹏湾近岸海域5个海洋环境浮标的在线监测数据,分析大鹏湾海域海水中叶绿素a（Chl a）的时空分布特征及其与主要水质参数的相关关系。结果表明大鹏湾Chl a含量在春、夏、秋季较高,而冬季较低,实测最大值为82.23 μg/L;受水动力环境及陆源排放影响,终年沙头角附近海域的Chl a含量明显高于其他区域。Pearson相关分析结果表明,大鹏湾海域Chl a含量与水温呈现正相关关系,但与盐度不存在显著意义的相关关系。总体来看,Chl a含量的时空分布受陆地径流、外源输入和养殖环境状况等的共同影响。     

深圳近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的风险评估研究

以2015年8月对深圳近岸海域沉积物中PAHs的含量调查资料为基础,采用毒性及致畸性当量和效应区间低、中值法、平均效应区间中值商法等分别进行PAHs的健康风险和生态风险评估。研究表明,深圳近岸海域沉积物中PAHs的含量（干重）范围为（227.51~3897.42）×10-9。PAHs的毒性当量和致畸性当量相对于世界范围内沉积物来说,处于较低的毒性水平和致畸风险状态。深圳湾海域大沙河口附近的表层沉积物对海洋生物可能产生中低毒性,整体生态风险处于中低水平。