不同有机物料施用对菜地磷累积和转化的影响

当前以土壤有机质提升为核心的耕地质量提升是保证粮食安全的基础,但在有机质提升过程中土壤磷素的累积和转化特征仍不清楚.在等碳施用条件下,研究对比不同有机物料投入对菜地不同土层土壤磷的累积、转化和迁移规律,以期同步实现有机质提高和磷肥高效管理.试验设置对照（不施肥）、农户传统施肥、生物炭、鸡粪、餐厨废弃物和玉米秸秆施用这6个处理,于辣椒收获期测定各处理下不同土层有效磷（Olsen-P）和水溶性磷（CaCl₂-P）含量、土壤磷组分、有机质（SOM）和pH等指标.在0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层中,农户传统施肥处理有效磷含量最高,4种有机物料处理下有效磷顺序依次为：秸秆>生物炭>鸡粪>餐厨废弃物,秸秆和生物炭处理较餐厨废弃物分别增加59.6%~67.3%和29.1%~36.9%.秸秆处理最易于提升土壤活性磷库,0~5 cm土层土壤活性磷较鸡粪和餐厨废弃物处理分别增加47.3%和35.1%.随着土层深度增加鸡粪处理的有效磷降低比例最少,20~30 cm土层有效磷占表土层的55.9%,而在其他3种物料处理下仅占16.0%~34.0%.和农户传统施肥相比,有机物料施用后pH显著升高0.18~0.36个单位,鸡粪和餐厨废弃物处理的pH显著高于生物炭和秸秆（P<0.05）.生物炭处理下SOM含量相比其他3种有机物料显著增加7.7%~17.6%.4种有机物料中,秸秆提高土壤活性磷库的效果最佳,有利于快速提升植物可利用磷;鸡粪处理下磷素最易向下迁移;在基于土壤地力提升的农田管理下,施用生物炭既有利于改善土壤酸碱度和提高SOM,也可避免磷素在耕层过量积累,降低环境风险.     

道化法与蒙德法在悬浮法氯乙烯聚合工艺安全评价中的应用分析

以某企业为例,运用道化法和蒙德法对其悬浮法氯乙烯聚合生产工艺中的聚合单元、汽提单元及压缩回收单元进行定量计算和评价,得出两者在进行火灾、爆炸的危险评价时,其结论基本上是接近的,但仍保持着各自的特点.这3个单元的主要物料是氯乙烯,若不考虑影响范围、损失情况的评价,选取蒙德法对聚合生产工艺进行安全评价更加切合实际,更有利于有的放矢地制定安全对策措施,为企业的安全管理提供依据.     

Electro-Fenton degradation of cationic red X-GRL using an activated carbon fiber cathode

We reported the study of the degradation of the azo dye cationic red X-GRL by the electro-Fenton process using an activated carbon fiber cathode. The electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide in solution using different material cathodes fed with air was investigated, and the results revealed that the activated carbon fiber cathode was more effective compared to the graphite cathode. The decolorization and mineralization of cationic red X-GRL were also determined. The effect of the operating parameters, such as the initial Fe²⁺ concentration, temperature and initial dye concentration, was investigated. The optimum Fe²⁺ catalyst concentration values for the degradation of cationic red X-GRL was found to be 5 mM. The rate of decolorization and mineralization of dye could be accelerated by increasing the temperature. In addition, the decolorization and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency decreased with the increasing initial dye concentration, while the TOC removal increased. Two different transition metal ions (Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺) were applied as substitutes for ferrous sulfate for evaluating catalytic effect. The results indicated that Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺ were more effective than Fe²⁺ in catalyzing the degradation of the dye.     

A field assessment of floor slipperiness in a fish market in Taiwan

A field assessment of floor slipperiness in 10 fish stands in a fish market in Taiwan was conducted using both friction measurements and subjective ratings. The friction measurements were conducted using the Portable Skid Resistance Tester (PSRT). The subjective ratings of floor slipperiness of both the workers and the customers were collected. The friction measurement results showed that the sink areas had both the lowest friction values and subjective ratings. The overall friction measurement results and the subjective ratings were in fair agreement (r = 0.46 and ρ = 0.49). The customers perceived the walkways as somewhere between “very slippery” to “somewhat slippery” and the picking-up areas as “very slippery.” These were different from the perceptions of the workers where they perceived both areas as “somewhat slippery.”     

烧结机头电除尘器的运行管理

针对钢铁工业烧结工艺状况和烧结机机头烟尘特点,结合唐山某钢厂烧结系统的实际运行管理情况,分析电除尘器在运行中存在的问题及原因,从电除尘器的供电方式、振打等方面提出了使烧结机头电除尘器安全、有效运行的措施。     

基于主成分分析法的城市道路交通安全评价

为客观地评价城市不同道路的交通安全水平,改善交通安全。从微观角度出发,采用主成分分析法(PCA)筛选出对城市道路交通安全有较大影响的主要指标,并结合统计软件SPSS计算出不同道路安全水平的综合评价值,得到不同道路的安全状况。实证结果表明:从微观角度用PCA对道路交通安全评价是可行的,且评价过程避免了主观随意性。在相关指标较多,且不易区分优劣的情况下,能够突现出部分指标因素对道路整体安全水平的影响,评价结果与实际情况一致。     

提高转炉二次除尘效率的难题及对策

以某炼钢厂2×100 t转炉二次除尘系统为例,对其在长期的除尘实践中反映出来的问题进行了分析,并结合实际提出了解决对策,经实施并优化后取得了良好的效果.     

化学填料塔工艺净化恶臭废气的研究

城市污水处理厂的恶臭污染已经引起越来越多的关注.介绍了城市污水处理厂的主要恶臭气体.采用氢氧化钠溶液和酸性氧化剂溶液作吸收剂,恶臭气体氨、硫化氢、甲硫醇通过二级吸收塔被吸收,气体达GB14554-93(二级)标准后排放.     

Absorption of odourous substances using selective gas-liquid separation processes

Absorption is one of the most widely used techniques for treating odourous waste gases. An improvement of the effectiveness of gas scrubbers can be achieved by using adapted washing liquids. A screening test is proposed as a low cost tool for testing washing liquids on industrial waste gases. The odour index is used to identify the main cause of the specific smell and to simplify the analysis of absorptive performances of washing liquids. The method is verified by experiments at a chocolate factory and a fat and oil refinery.     

平原区交叉口安全分析与改善对策研究

针对目前平原区公路交叉口事故多发的现状,笔者对平原区公路交叉口与山区公路交叉口进行对比,指出平原区公路交叉口具有数量多、范围大、车速高的特点;同时分析平原区公路事故情况,指出平原区公路交叉口事故多发的主要致因是缺乏渠化、路权不清,车速过高和视距不足;提出了交叉口安全保障的一般措施,并具体介绍了明确路权、降低车辆行驶速度和增加交叉口行车视距的方法。除介绍了平原区公路交叉口的一般处置措施外,笔者还将平原区公路交叉口分为大型交叉口、村镇交叉口和小型交叉口,并针对不同类型的交叉口的特点,从标志、标线、减速丘、薄层铺装、宣传教育等方面提出了相应的安全保障措施。