几种新型光催化水质净化反应器的探讨

综述了几种新型光催化反应器的结构、特征，讨论各反应器的应用情况和处理效果，对其优缺点进行评价。指出光催化技术与其它成熟水处理技术的耦合是光催化工艺进入实际应用的重要途径。     

纤维素-铝-硅复合物的制备及对重金属离子的吸附

以微晶纤维素为基质 ,制备了带有 NH2 基团的纤维素 -铝 -硅复合物 ,测定了该复合物对水溶液中 Hg2 + 、Cu2 + 的吸附性能。讨论了溶液温度、p H值、金属离子浓度及时间对吸附性能的影响 ,结果表明它对Hg2 +和 Cu2 +具有较高的吸附容量和较快的吸附速度。     

Fate of methidathion residues in biological waste during anaerobic digestion

The aim of this study was to examine the fate of the organothiophosphorus pesticide methidathion during anaerobic digestion of biological waste. Three reactor experiments were conducted under various conditions of temperature, pH and retention time. The influence of pH and temperature as well as the partitioning between solid and aqueous phase were studied in batch experiments. The mesophilic (25, 35 degrees C) reactor experiments showed a decline to about 10% of the maximum methidathion concentration within 30-80 d. In the thermophilic (55 degrees C) reactor experiment, methidathion disappeared within 20 d. The batch experiments showed an abiotic hydrolysis of methidathion over the experiment period of 4 d, accelerated by alkaline conditions (pH 10.5 and 12.8) and high temperatures (55 degrees C). The hydrolysis was also noticeable at a neutral pH, while methidathion was most stable at weakly acid pH values. Methidathion bonded strongly to the biological waste, and the amount released into the water phase was below the maximum aqueous solubility. About 10% of methidathion remained non-extractable. High concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and yeast extract as a model substance for disintegrated cells further reduced the content of methidathion in the water phase, possibly caused by co-sorption to the solid organic matter.     

Atmospheric mineral particles collected at Qira in the Taklamakan Desert, China

Aerosol particles were collected in the situation of the widespread dust suspension on 21 February 1991 at Qira in the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert, western China. The collected particles were examined by a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer in order to obtain the size and elemental composition of individual mineral particles.On the basis of EDX analyses for 386 particles, mineral particles were present in high number fractions (>99%) of particles in the radius range of 0.1–4 μm. Particles mainly composed of silicates comprised 76% of mineral particles. “Ca-rich” particles were detected in 7% of all the particles. Ca in the particles would be present not only as CaCO₃ but also as an internal mixture of CaCO₃ and CaSO₄. Particles containing halite (NaCl) were detected in number proportions of about 10% and were mainly present in the radius range of 0.5 μm. Some halite particles would be modified by chemical reactions with sulfuric acid.     

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛

城市大气总悬浮颗粒物是造成全球大部分城市空气污染严重的原因之一,世界各国对之已进行过很多的研究。大量的研究显示,总悬浮颗粒物的污染非常严重,是影响城市空气质量的首要污染物。总悬浮颗粒物的源以人为来源为主,其汇则以湿沉降为主。总悬浮颗粒物对城市气候的影响主要通过2种方式:一种是通过散射或吸收太阳辐射直接影响气候;另一种是以云凝结核的形式改变云的光学特性和云的分布而间接影响气候。但是总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛相互关系的研究目前还未受到应有的关注,总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互作用尚未有定论,总悬浮颗粒物既有促进城市热岛形成,也有促进城市冷岛形成的研究报道。文章认为可从如下3个方面探讨总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系:(1)总悬浮颗粒物在城市热岛中的贡献;(2)总悬浮颗粒物影响城市热岛的作用机理;(3)总悬浮颗粒物与城市植被和城市热岛的相互关系及植被对总悬浮颗粒物的净化、对城市热岛的缓解。研究总悬浮颗粒物与城市热岛的相互关系为制定科学合理的城市大气总悬浮颗粒物污染防治措施,有效缓解现代城市热岛难题提供理论依据。     

Sexual selection for male parental care in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus

Male parental care is typically thought to come at a cost to mate attraction and future mating success. However, it has also been hypothesized that paternal care may be under sexual, as well as natural, selection, such that good fathers actually attract more mates. Here we show experimentally that in the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus, females prefer to mate with males that provide higher levels of parental care. We manipulated male behavior using (1) different nest sizes and (2) an application of low-O₂ water in the nests, and found that females consistently preferred males with elevated levels of care in dichotomous mate choice tests. This complements our earlier study in which we showed that males increase the amount and quality of care they provide in the presence of females. Our results demonstrate that male care may have evolved as a result of sexual selection rather than natural selection alone, and furthermore, that male care may not necessarily be in conflict with mate attraction.     

改进的最优组合人口预测模型及其应用

人口预测是编制土地利用总体规划的基础性研究工作,区域人口发展规模和数量是土地利用总体规划中确定各类用地控制指标和调整土地利用结构的重要依据。因此,科学准确地预测人口发展,是制定区域土地利用总体规划的基础。在分析各种人口预测模型的基础上,提出了一种改进的最优组合模型。并以湖南省张家界市永定区人口预测为例,利用改进的最优组合模型进行了人口模型预测,并与现有的线性回归模型、灰色系统GM(1,1)模型、logistic 模型、最优组合模型的预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,提出的改进的最优组合模型预测结果准确可靠,有利于土地管理的科学决策,是适宜于区域土地利用规划中总人口预测的一种较好的方法。     

Mixed uncertainty analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inhalation and risk assessment in ambient air of Beijing

This article presents the application of an integrated method that estimates the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, and assesses the human health risk associated with PAHs inhalation. An uncertainty analysis method consisting of three components were applied in this study, where the three components include a bootstrapping method for analyzing the whole process associated uncertainty, an inhalation rate (IR) representation for evaluating the total PAH inhalation risk for human health, and a normally distributed absorption fraction (AF) ranging from 0% to 100% to represent the absorption capability of PAHs in human body. Using this method, an integrated process was employed to assess the health risk of the residents in Beijing, China, from inhaling PAHs in the air. The results indicate that the ambient air PAHs in Beijing is an important contributor to human health impairment, although over 68% of residents seem to be safe from daily PAH carcinogenic inhalation. In general, the accumulated daily inhalation amount is relatively higher for male and children at 10 years old of age than for female and children at 6 years old. In 1997, about 1.73% cancer sufferers in Beijing were more or less related to ambient air PAHs inhalation. At 95% confidence interval, approximately 272–309 individual cancer incidences can be attributed to PAHs pollution in the air. The probability of greater than 500 cancer occurrence is 15.3%. While the inhalation of ambient air PAHs was shown to be an important factor responsible for higher cancer occurrence in Beijing, while the contribution might not be the most significant one.     

都市工业园区规划环评的实践与思考

通过对白沙洲都市工业园规划环评筹备、撰写、执行等环节的剖析,总结了该规划环评的特点,并指出基层环保组织在推动规划环评过程中所起的作用。对应用规划环评成果为园区和谐快速发展服务提出建议。着重探讨了基层环保部门该如何推动规划环评,促进城市中心老工业区改造,发展都市工业因,乃至生态工业园,实现城区经济又好又快发展。提出了法律赋予环保部门管理规划环评的职权不足、公众参与流于形式、规划环评法律约束不力等规刘环评实践过程中遇到的主要问题,并给出建议。     

土壤中7种典型PPCPs的分布特征及其影响因素分析

药物和个人护理产品(PPCPs)的环境残留问题在全世界范围内受到了越来越多的关注。利用高效液相色谱与质谱联用技术(LCMS)检测了研究区域土壤样品中7种典型PPCPs的质量比,分析了PPCPs在不同区域和不同深度土层中的分布特征,通过相关性研究探寻了影响这类物质分布的关键理化因子。检测采用正离子模式,以甲醇和水为流动相梯度洗脱,7种PPCPs的线性决定系数大于0.99,加标回收率为71.2%~140%,相对标准偏差RSD为6.7%~22%。结果表明,除美托诺尔和咖啡因未被检出外,其余5种药物的检出率在13%~100%。采样点ΣPPCPs的平均质量比为9.91 ng/g dw,质量比范围为2.23~26.07 ng/g dw。DEET是研究区质量比最高的PPCPs,平均质量比达7.88 ng/g dw,检出率为100%。区域分布表明,垃圾渗沥液及驱虫剂的喷洒可能导致土壤中DEET质量比偏高。DEET的GUS指数为3.65,淋溶迁移性和潜在环境风险高。垂直分布显示,随土层深度增加,DEET质量比总体呈现下降趋势。相关分析结果显示,DEET质量比与土壤有机质呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.6746,p0.01),与土壤的p H值呈显著的负相关关系(r=-0.5761,p0.01)。