National emissions inventory and future trends in greenhouse gases and other air pollutants from civil airports in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Civil aviation is an important source of air pollutants, but this field has received insufficient attention in China. Based on the standard emissions...     

PPCPs and heavy metals from hydrothermal sewage sludge-derived biochar: migration in wheat and physiological response

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Once the sludge was directly used in the farmland, it will have a negative impact on human health through the food chain because sludge contains...     

近年全国地表水水质变化特征

采用2012~2020年国家地表水环境质量监测网839个可比断面（点位）数据分析了9年间地表水环境质量变化特征.结果表明,全国地表水环境质量持续改善,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例稳步上升,劣Ⅴ类比例持续下降;主要污染指标氨氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数的年均值均呈逐年下降趋势,2020年比2012年分别下降75.9%、48.2%和17.5%.广西、海南和宁夏Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例保持100%,湖北和江西呈逐年下降趋势,其余省份均呈逐年上升趋势;广西、海南、宁夏、湖南和福建劣Ⅴ类水质断面比例保持为0,其余省份均呈逐年下降趋势;广西、江西的总磷和湖北、海南、辽宁的高锰酸盐指数呈逐年上升趋势,其余省份主要污染指标年均值均呈不同程度下降.十大流域主要江河Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例均呈波动上升趋势;劣Ⅴ类比例除浙闽片河流一直为0以外,其余流域均呈波动下降趋势;主要污染指标年均值均呈不同程度下降.2020年,32个重要湖泊中53%处于富营养状态,与2012年相比增加了12个百分点.总体来看,9年间全国地表水水质普遍好转,尤其是"十三五"以来,水污染防治工作取得显著成效,但各省、各流域之间具有差异性,水资源分布不均,水质改善存在不平衡性和不协调性,湖库富营养化趋势不容乐观.未来应统筹水资源、水环境和水生态,在地表水的精准治污和生态修复上着重发力.     

蜂蜜中氯霉素残留的检测及净化方法研究

建立了反相高效液相色谱-离子阱质谱法检测蜂蜜中氯霉素残留的方法.前处理采用改良的QuEChERS方法进行快速提取和净化.采用初级次级胺进行固相分散净化,可有效吸附蜂蜜中的糖类及有机色素等杂质.提取物在流动相甲醇:水(0.2%乙酸胺)=45:55(体积比)中,用整体色谱柱进行快速分离和质谱检测.并对MS检测中2种离子化方式(电喷雾ESI及大气压化学APCI)、各种离子化方式下正负离子模式及离子检测方法(总离子检测TIC和选择性离子监测MRM)进行了综合比较,最终确定采用电喷雾电离法(ESI)负离子模式、多反应离子监测(MRM)对氯霉素进行定性定量分析.在0.2～200μg/kgg添加浓度下,添加回收率水平在78%～93%间,变异系数在3.9%以下.该方法的检出限为0.1μg/kg,在0.1～100 μg/L浓度范围内,线性方程为y=58.753x 34867,相关系数R2=0.999 5.     

The asteroid and comet impact hazard: risk assessment and mitigation options

The impact of extraterrestrial matter onto Earth is a continuous process. On average, some 50,000 tons of dust are delivered to our planet every year. While objects smaller than about 30 m mainly disintegrate in the Earth’s atmosphere, larger ones can penetrate through it and cause damage on the ground. When an object of hundreds of meters in diameter impacts an ocean, a tsunami is created that can devastate coastal cities. Further, if a km-sized object hit the Earth it would cause a global catastrophe due to the transport of enormous amounts of dust and vapour into the atmosphere resulting in a change in the Earth’s climate. This article gives an overview of the near-Earth asteroid and comet (near-Earth object-NEO) impact hazard and the NEO search programmes which are gathering important data on these objects. It also points out options for impact hazard mitigation by using deflection systems. It further discusses the critical constraints for NEO deflection strategies and systems as well as mitigation and evacuation costs and benefits. Recommendations are given for future activities to solve the NEO impact hazard problem.     

Persistence of antibiotics such as macrolides, tiamulin and salinomycin in soil

The extensive use of veterinary drugs in agriculture leads to contamination of manure. If this manure is used as fertiliser, soil may be exposed to the respective drugs. Additionally soil exposure may stem from contaminated sewage sludge that is used on some agricultural land as fertiliser. This study focuses on the fate of antibiotics in soil. We present a 120-day degradation experiment of six commonly used antibiotics: erythromycin, roxithromycin oleandomycin, tylosin, salinomycin and tiamulin in soil as well as calculating the resulting half-lives. The half-lives were 20 days for erythromycin, 27 days for oleandomycin, 8 days for tylosin, 16 days for tiamulin and 5 days for salinomycin; all according to 1st order kinetics. The concentration of roxithromycin remained nearly unchanged during the whole experiment.     

Methane oxidation at a surface-sealed boreal landfill

Methane oxidation was studied at a closed boreal landfill (area 3.9 ha, amount of deposited waste 200,000 tonnes) equipped with a passive gas collection and distribution system and a methane oxidative top soil cover integrated in a European Union landfill directive-compliant, multilayer final cover. Gas wells and distribution pipes with valves were installed to direct landfill gas through the water impermeable layer into the top soil cover. Mean methane emissions at the 25 measuring points at four measurement times (October 2005–June 2006) were 0.86–6.2 m³ ha^?1 h^?1. Conservative estimates indicated that at least 25% of the methane flux entering the soil cover at the measuring points was oxidized in October and February, and at least 46% in June. At each measurement time, 1–3 points showed significantly higher methane fluxes into the soil cover (20–135 m³ ha^?1 h^?1) and methane emissions (6–135 m³ ha^?1 h^?1) compared to the other points (<20 m³ ha^?1 h^?1 and <10 m³ ha^?1 h^?1, respectively). These points of methane overload had a high impact on the mean methane oxidation at the measuring points, resulting in zero mean oxidation at one measurement time (November). However, it was found that by adjusting the valves in the gas distribution pipes the occurrence of methane overload can be to some extent moderated which may increase methane oxidation. Overall, the investigated landfill gas treatment concept may be a feasible option for reducing methane emissions at landfills where a water impermeable cover system is used.     

长江上游陡坡耕地退耕的难点与对策

长江上游属于 2 5°以上的陡坡退耕还林地面积达 170万hm2 ,是长江上游水土流失的重要策源地 ,严重制约了该区域社会经济的可持续发展。因此 ,实行陡坡耕地退耕还林是建设长江上游生态屏障的重要组成部分 ,也是生态建设的主要内容之一。本文较为系统地论述了陡坡耕地的形成原因与危害 ,以及退耕的难点与有利时机 ,并探讨了详细分析了主要对策     

Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos: Degradation in soil and influence on soil microbial community structures

Degradation kinetics of microencapsulated chlorpyrifos （CPF-MC） in soil and its influence on soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing with emulsifiable concentration of chlorpyrifos （CPF-EC） in laboratory. The residual periods of CPF-MC with fortification levels of 5 and 20 mg/kg reached 120 days in soil, both of the degradation curves did not fit the first-order model, and out-capsule residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were maintained at 1.76 （±0.33） and 5.92 （±1.20） mg/kg in the period between 15 and 60 days, respectively. The degradation kinetics of CPF-EC fit the first-order model, and the residual periods of 5 and 20 mg/kg treatments were 60 days. Bacterial community structures in soil treated with two concentrations of CPF-MC showed similarity to those of the control during the test period, as seen in the band number and relative intensities of the individual band on DGGE gels （p 〉 0.05）. Fungal community structures were slightly affected in the 5 mg/kg treatments and returned to the control levels after 30 days, but initially differed significantly from control in the 20 mg/kg treatments （p 〈 0.05） and did not recover to control levels until 90 days later. The CPF-EC significantly altered microbial community structures （p 〈 0.05） and effects did not disappear until 240 days later. The results indicated that the microcapsule technology prolonged the residue periods of chlorpyrifos in soil whereas it decreased its side-effects on soil microbes as compared with the emulsifiable concentration formulation.     

我国区域循环经济的发展模式探讨

探讨了我国区域循环经济的发展模式,结合我国已有的循环经济实践,提出并分析了企业集团型、社会功能型、城市功能型和生态功能型4种区域循环经济的发展模式。