嗜酸硫杆菌和黑曲霉对电镀污泥重金属浸出效果

电镀污泥重金属浸出对电镀污泥资源化利用具有重要意义。为了降低处置成本,采用嗜酸硫杆菌与黑曲霉对电镀污泥重金属浸出效果进行了研究。结果表明,采用嗜酸性氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌混合菌种对含固率为3%的电镀污泥进行为期15 d(培养驯化后)的处理后,污泥中Ni、Cr与Cu的浸出率虽分别高达92.8%、85.0%和96.8%,但耗时久,无法大规模地实际应用。利用黑曲霉对电镀污泥进行为期6 d的处理,Ni、Cr和Cu的浸出率分别达到92.0%、74.4%和55.3%。若采用黑曲霉培养15 d后产生的生物有机酸和同pH的柠檬酸处理电镀污泥4 h后,两者对Ni、Cr和Cu的浸出率分别为:85.0%与94.2%、63.8%与73.7%、57.9%与99.6%。可见,利用黑曲霉发酵菌液浸出电镀污泥中重金属有一定的实际应用价值。     

Removal of mercury from flue gas using sewage sludge-based adsorbents

Mercury from coal-fired utility boilers, as the largest atmospheric mercury emission source, imposes serious environmental risks and health concerns. In order to explore the possibility of reducing costs of activated carbon injection, we investigated the most promising mercury control technology, Hg⁰ removal using ZnCl₂-impregnated adsorbents derived from sewage sludge. The results demonstrated that sludge-based adsorbents (SBAs) had fairly high mercury adsorption capacity over a wide range of temperatures (80–170 °C). Oxidizing atmosphere could improve the adsorption of Hg⁰ and weaken the inhibition of SO₂ on mercury adsorption to some extent. NO exhibited no obvious impact on mercury removal performance. In addition, to clarify whether oxygen- or chlorine-containing functional groups attributed to good mercury adsorption capacity of SBAs, the oxygen-containing functional groups were removed using Boehm’s method, and a temperature-programmed decomposition desorption experiment was conducted. The results suggest that chlorine-containing functional groups played a significant role in the removal process of mercury from flue gas using SBAs.     

Microbiological risk infection assessment using QMRA in agriculture systems in Côte d’Ivoire,West Africa

Poor wastewater management that results from a lack of appropriate sanitation infrastructure contributes to increasing health risks in urban areas in Côte d’Ivoire. We assessed the health risks associated with the use of wastewater for watering salad destined for human consumption, to help local authorities in developing appropriate risk mitigation measures for Yamoussoukro, the political capital of Côte d’Ivoire. We applied a stochastic approach based on quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA), focusing on wastewater for farming activities and salad consumption at the household level. Farming activities rely on a large degree on contaminated water and are conducted without any protection. The QMRA highlights that the poor quality of watering water increased the microbiological risk of the two assessed groups of urban farmers and individual households. The annual risk of infection due to watering wastewater in the city is estimated at 0.01 per person per year (pppy) for Giardia lamblia and 0.2 pppy for Escherichia coli O157:H7. The annual risk from salad consumption is 0.01 pppy for G. lamblia and 0.9 pppy for E. coli O157:H7. Both the annual risks from farming activities and salad consumption were higher than the tolerable standard of risk of 10^?4 pppy as defined by the World Health Organization. There is a need to conduct a risk analysis and a cost-effectiveness study on intervention to improve public health and the livelihoods of the producers which are women in majority in Yamoussoukro.     

Residue determination and dissipation of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil

A simple and efficient residue analysis method for direct determination of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil was developed and validated with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet (HPLC-UV). The samples were extracted with mixtures of acetonitrile and deionized water followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) to remove co-extractives prior to analysis by HPLC-UV. The recoveries of ioxynil octanoate extracted from maize and soil samples ranged from 86 %-104 % and 84 %-96 %, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 7.84% and sensitivity of 0.01 mg kg(-1). The method was applied to determine the residue of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil samples from experimental field. Data had shown that the dissipation rate in soil was described as pseudo-first-order kinetics and the half-life (t(1/2)) was less than 1.78 days. No ioxynil octanoate residue (<0.01 mg kg(-1)) was detected in maize at harvest time withholding period of 60 days after treatments of the pesticide. Direct confirmation of the analytes in field trial samples was realized by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).     

文丘里对脉冲喷吹过滤系统清灰的影响

在自建的脉冲喷吹实验台上,利用Y—YD-7044型压电式传感器和MYD-8801加速度传感器,测试0120×2000mm覆PTFE膜无纺布滤袋在不同喷吹压力下,加文丘里与不加文丘里时的最大侧壁压力峰值和最大反向加速度,并对比计算了获得同样清灰强度时的脉冲阀一次喷吹耗气量。结果显示,添加文丘里能显著增大滤袋中下部最大侧壁压力峰值和整条滤袋上的最大反向加速度,即提高脉冲喷吹清灰强度;对应同样的喷吹压力,加文丘里时的平均最大侧壁压力峰值和平均最大反向加速度比不加文丘里时分别平均提高大约70％和50％;加文丘里获得同样清灰强度时的脉冲阀一次喷吹耗气量比不加文丘里时节省40％左右。证实对于脉冲喷吹清灰系统,添加文丘里能有效改善清灰效果以及减小能量？肖耗。     

Residue determination and dissipation of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil

A simple and efficient residue analysis method for direct determination of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil was developed and validated with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet (HPLC-UV). The samples were extracted with mixtures of acetonitrile and deionized water followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) to remove co-extractives prior to analysis by HPLC-UV. The recoveries of ioxynil octanoate extracted from maize and soil samples ranged from 86 %–104 % and 84 %–96 %, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 7.84% and sensitivity of 0.01 mg kg^?1. The method was applied to determine the residue of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil samples from experimental field. Data had shown that the dissipation rate in soil was described as pseudo-first-order kinetics and the half-life (t_1/2) was less than 1.78 days. No ioxynil octanoate residue (<0.01 mg kg^?1) was detected in maize at harvest time withholding period of 60 days after treatments of the pesticide. Direct confirmation of the analytes in field trial samples was realized by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).     

Occurrence and distribution of organic trace substances in waters from the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

This study deals with the evaluation of water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in order to assess its suitability as a raw water source for drinking water production. Therefore, water samples from (1) surface water, (2) tap water, and (3) wastewater treatment plant effluents were taken randomly by 2011–2012 in the area of the TGR and were analyzed for seven different organic contaminant groups (207 substances in total), applying nine different analytical methods. In the three sampled water sources, typical contaminant patterns were found, i.e., pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surface water with concentrations of 0.020–3.5 μg/L and 0.004–0.12 μg/L, disinfection by-products in tap water with concentrations of 0.050–79 μg/L, and pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plant effluents with concentrations of 0.020–0.76 μg/L, respectively. The most frequently detected organic compounds in surface water (45 positives out of 57 samples) were the pyridine pesticides clopyralid and picloram. The concentrations might indicate that they are used on a regular basis and in conjunction in the area of the TGR. Three- and four-ring PAH were ubiquitously distributed, while the poorly soluble five- and six-ring members, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, were below the detection limit. In general, the detected concentrations in TGR are in the same range or even lower compared to surface waters in western industrialized countries, although contaminant loads can still be high due to a high discharge. With the exception of the two pesticides, clopyralid and picloram, concentrations of the investigated organic pollutants in TGR meet the limits of the Chinese Standards for Drinking Water Quality GB 5749 (Ministry of Health of China and Standardization Administration of China 2006) and the European Union (EU) Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption (The Council of the European Union 1998), or rather, the EU Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy (The European Parliament and The Council of the European Union 2008). Therefore, the suggested use of surface water from TGR for drinking water purposes is a valid option. Current treatment methods, however, do not seem to be efficient since organic pollutants were detected in significant concentrations in purified tap water.     

Temporal variation and spatial distribution of PAH in water of Three Gorges Reservoir during the complete impoundment period

Bioavailable concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in water of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) using semipermeable membrane devices during the period of completely impounding water. ∑PAH concentrations in water of TGR in the period of completely impounding water were 15–381 ng?L^?1. ∑PAH concentrations increased from town or counties to big industrialized cities in TGR, indicating urbanization effects on PAH pollution in the water. Tributaries in TGR have a certain contribution of PAH pollution to the mainstream of Yangtze River and their pollution could not be neglected. An obvious decrease of PAH concentration was observed after 175-m water impounding in 2011 in TGR. Several factors may account for this decrease, including execution of comprehensive treatment and management measures in TGR, less rainfall in 2011, and sedimentation effect caused by the dam. Passive sampling method has been successfully applied in the investigation of trace PAH in water of TGR and proved to be a useful and efficient tool for the management and sustainable development of the big reservoir. The results of the study provide valuable information about PAH pollution in the whole reservoir including some tributaries, and the pollution status is dynamically related with human activities. Therefore, PAH could be used as a marker compound or indicator in the network monitoring system to surveil and trace the pollution status in TGR.     

锆(Ⅳ)负载交联壳聚糖吸附硫酸根的性能

以甲醛、苯甲醛为交联剂,制备交联壳聚糖树脂,再与锆(Ⅳ)离子反应制备锆负载交联壳聚糖吸附剂。采用静态吸附法考察了该吸附剂对水中硫酸根离子(SO24-)的吸附性能。实验发现,吸附时间2 h,SO24-溶液初始浓度500 mg/L,pH值3.0,溶液温度35℃为较优的吸附条件;吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,属于优惠吸附型,吸附容量可达78.65 mg/g;吸附过程较好地符合拟二级动力学模型;锆负载前后交联壳聚糖对硫酸根的吸附量提高了约4.5倍;该吸附剂具有良好的耐酸性和再生性能。     

简析绿色产业在威海的振兴及其发展的启示

通过剖析绿色产业的概念及科学内涵,系统地阐述了国内外绿色产业体系构建的特点及进展,详细描述了威海市以绿色能源、节能减排、农村环保、循环经济和生态农业为主导的绿色产业体系,总结了威海市利用区位优势及地理条件,将发展绿色产业与环保模范城市、生态市创建等活动相结合,把绿色产业体系建设纳入国民经济与社会发展规划,采取加大关键技术研究推广力度,加速绿色产业工业园创建等一系列举措推进绿色产业发展,为利用绿色产业发展机遇振兴地区经济提供有益借鉴。