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31.
Inclusion of vegetable oils in Fenton's chemistry for remediation of PAH-contaminated soils 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Pre-treatment with vegetable oils prior to treatment with Fenton's reagent led to increased oxidation by the latter of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a pair of model manufactured gas plant soils. This effect was frequently most pronounced in the cases of high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAH species, indicating a preferential "targeting" of oxidative equivalents toward these compounds. In both cases, addition of oils--either corn oil containing unsaturated lipids or palm kernal oil (PKO) comprised primarily of saturated fats--at the 5% dosage was required; supplementation with 1% oil apparently did not sufficiently facilitate PAH desorption and mass-transfer to have a notable effect on degradation efficiency. In PKO-supplemented reactions, replacement of H2O2 with calcium peroxide (CaO2) further increased the extent of PAH removal. Again, this was most pronounced in the cases of several HMW PAHs; among a suite of four 5- and 6-ring PAH (benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene, benzo[g, h, i]perylene and indeno[c, d]pyrene), average removal efficiency increased from 5% in PKO-supplemented reactions in which H2O2 served as the oxidant, compared to 44% in CaO2-containing reactions. This last finding is consistent with other reports which have indicated that slower-release oxidants are better suited to degradation of contaminants which, despite vegetable oil treatment, remain soil-sorbed. 相似文献
32.
Effects of Regional Reductions in Sulphur Deposition on the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Lakes within Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Snucins E Gunn J Keller B Dixit S Hindar A Henriksen A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,67(1-2):179-194
The lakes in KillarneyProvincial Park, located 40–60 km southwest ofSudbury, Ontario, were some of the first lakesin North America to be acidified by atmosphericpollutants. Acidification affected thousandsof fish and invertebrate populations in dozensof lakes. Since the 1970's, water quality hasimproved in response to atmospheric pollutionreductions and some lakes have alreadyrecovered to approximately their pre-industrialpH levels, as inferred from diatom microfossilsin lake sediments. Since the 1970's, fishspecies richness has not changed substantially,but zooplankton species richness has increasedin acidified lakes. The critical sulphur load,the amount of SO2-derived acid depositionthat can occur while still maintaining suitable water quality, was estimated to beexceeded in 38% of the park area in 1997. Depending on which of four possible NorthAmerican emission control scenarios (CLR =currently legislated reduction; CLR + 25%; CLR+ 50%; CLR + 75%) is achieved by 2010, theprojected critical loads will be exceeded inabout 0-30% of the park area in the future. There are many factors that can affectbiological recovery rates of damaged lakes, butit is expected that biological recovery willlag considerably behind observed chemicalrecovery rates. 相似文献
33.
MULTI-MEDIA CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY METALS AND MAJOR IONS FROM URBAN AND RURAL SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Concentrations of heavy metals and major ions were measured in precipitation, snowpack, garden soils and vegetables from urban and rural sites in New Brunswick in Atlantic Canada. Atmospheric loading of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, strontium, and vanadium need further assessment. Vanadium concentrations in precipitation, snowpack, soils and vegetables showed an urban influence. Vanadium concentrations in the snowpack ranged between <2.0 ppb at 50 kilometers from the city center to 31.4 ppb in the city. Concentrations of all heavy metals in urban soils were less than CCME remediation guidelines but selected metals exceeded the assessment benchmark non-regulatory guidelines. Major ions were consistently higher in event precipitation than the snowpack. The order of ion elution from the snowpack was NO3 > SO4 > NH4 > H > Mg > Cl > Na > K. Hydrogen ion equivalents were highest in the snowpack and precipitation from urban samples. Mean hydrogen ion concentrations ranged from 11 to 22 eq L-1 in the snowpack compared with 18 to 41 eq L-1 in event precipitation. 相似文献
34.
Overall, the greatest threats to Canadian and global biodiversity are associated with conversions of natural ecosystems to anthropogenic ones, and over-exploitation of biological resources. This circumstance does not, however, trivialize the importance of atmospheric influences. Although scientific understanding of the risks is incomplete, it is nevertheless clear that anthropogenic changes in atmospheric stressors are potentially damaging to biodiversity and other ecological values over medium- and longer-term scales. It is important that greater investments be made in support of longer-term monitoring and research designed to understand the effects of atmospheric and other environmental stressors on the biodiversity and structure and function of Canadian ecosystems. 相似文献
35.
Aguirre-Muñoz A Croll DA Donlan CJ Henry RW Hermosillo MA Howald GR Keitt BS Luna-Mendoza L Rodríguez-Malagón M Salas-Flores LM Samaniego-Herrera A Sanchez-Pacheco JA Sheppard J Tershy BR Toro-Benito J Wolf S Wood B 《Ambio》2008,37(2):101-107
Islands harbor a disproportionate amount of the earth's biodiversity, but a significant portion has been lost due in large part to the impacts of invasive mammals. Fortunately, invasive mammals can be routinely removed from islands, providing a powerful tool to prevent extinctions and restore ecosystems. Given that invasive mammals are still present on more than 80% of the world's major islands groups and remain a premier threat to the earth's biodiversity, it is important to disseminate replicable, scaleable models to eradicate invasive mammals from islands. We report on a successful model from western México during the past decade. A collaborative effort between nongovernmental organizations, academic biologists, Mexican government agencies, and local individuals has resulted in major restoration efforts in three island archipelagos. Forty-two populations of invasive mammals have been eradicated from 26 islands. For a cost of USD 21,615 per colony and USD 49,370 per taxon, 201 seabird colonies and 88 endemic terrestrial taxa have been protected, respectively. These conservation successes are a result of an operational model with three main components: i) a tri-national collaboration that integrates research, prioritization, financing, public education, policy work, capacity building, conservation action, monitoring, and evaluation; ii) proactive and dedicated natural resource management agencies; and iii) effective partnerships with academic researchers in Mexico and the United States. What is now needed is a detailed plan to eradicate invasive mammals from the remaining islands in the region that integrates the needed additional financing, capacity, technical advances, and policy issues. Island conservation in western Mexico provides an effective approach that can be readily applied to other archipelagos where conservation efforts have been limited. 相似文献
36.
This study examines the effect of iron-bearing phyllosilicates on dechlorination rates of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) in iron-based degradative solidification/stabilization (DS/S-Fe(II)). Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to evaluate dechlorination rates of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) in a mixture solution of Fe(II), cement and three different iron-bearing phyllosilicates (biotite, vermiculite, and montmorillonite). A first-order rate model was generally used to describe the dechlorination kinetics and the rate constants were dependent on soil mineral type (biotite, vermiculite, and montmorillonite), Fe(II) dose, and the mass ratio of cement to soil mineral. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for montmorillonite was lower than that for biotite and vermiculite by factors of 11-27 when the mass ratio of cement to phyllosilicates was fixed at one. The presence of biotite and vermiculite increase and the presence of montmorillonite decrease the degradation rate that would be observed in their absence. The effect of cement/mineral ratio on rate constants with three different soil minerals indicates that biotite was more reactive than the other two phyllosilicates. This may be due to high accessible natural Fe(II) content in biotite. Montmorillonite appears to inhibit dechlorination by either inactivating Fe(II) by ion exchange or by physically blocking active sites on cement hydration products. 相似文献
37.
Bronson Griscom David Shoch Bill Stanley Rane Cortez Nicole Virgilio 《Environmental Science & Policy》2009,12(7):897-911
One of the largest sources of global greenhouse gas emissions can be addressed through conservation of tropical forests by channeling funds to developing countries at a cost-savings for developed countries. However, questions remain to be resolved in negotiating a system for including reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) in a post-Kyoto climate treaty. The approach to determine national baselines, or reference levels, for quantifying REDD has emerged as central to negotiations over a REDD mechanism in a post-Kyoto policy framework. The baseline approach is critical to the success of a REDD mechanism because it affects the quantity, credibility, and equity of credits generated from efforts to reduce forest carbon emissions. We compared outcomes of seven proposed baseline approaches as a function of country circumstances, using a retrospective analysis of FAO-FRA data on forest carbon emissions from deforestation. Depending upon the baseline approach used, the total credited emissions avoided ranged over two orders of magnitude for the same quantity of actual emissions reductions. There was also a wide range in the relative distribution of credits generated among the five country types we identified. Outcomes were especially variable for countries with high remaining forest and low rates of deforestation (HFLD). We suggest that the most credible approaches measure emissions avoided with respect to a business-as-usual baseline scenario linked to historic emissions data, and allow limited adjustments based on forest carbon stocks. 相似文献
38.
This article outlines the general design concepts and new chemistry necessary to achieve truly cost-effective management of an important part of the hazardous waste incineration system—i.e., the unit operations needed to treat wastewater generated by rotary kiln incinerators burning wastes containing halogens and heavy metals. 相似文献
39.
The primary objective of this paper is to describe the impact of national seat belt enforcement mobilizations in terms of changes in public awareness, perceptions, and opinions as they relate to Operation ABC (Always Buckle Up). In order to monitor changes in public awareness and perceptions, a number of national telephone surveys were conducted. Survey results indicated that the following characteristics were associated with lower self-reported seat belt use rates: (a) males; (b) 18-34 age group; (c) persons with lower income; (d) persons with lower education; (e) persons living in rural areas; (f) residents of the Northeast, Midwest, and Great Lakes; (g) residents of states with secondary enforcement laws; and (h) persons less likely to read a newspaper and more likely to listen to the radio. Telephone surveys also suggested that the following groups are more likely to fail to properly secure a child under 12: (a) persons who say they have problems securing a child in seat belt; (b) farm belt residents; (c) Hispanic and Latinos; (d) persons who indicate that they always wear a seat belt but indicate they have not in the past month; (e) persons with older vehicles; (f) lower income respondents; (g) residents of the Deep South; (h) internet non-users; and (i) urban men. These findings provide support for some basic guidelines and suggestions for conducting seat belt enforcement activities. 相似文献
40.
Developing a Monitoring Protocol for Visitor-Created Informal Trails in Yosemite National Park,USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Informal trails created or perpetuated by visitors is a management challenge in many protected natural areas such as Yosemite
National Park. This is a significant issue as informal trail networks penetrate and proliferate into protected landscapes
and habitats, threatening ecological integrity, aesthetics, and visitor experiences. In order to develop effective strategies
for addressing this problem under an adaptive management framework, indicators must be developed and monitoring protocol must
be established to gather timely and relevant data about the condition, extent, and distribution of these undesired trail segments.
This article illustrates a process of developing and evaluating informal trail indicators for meadows in Yosemite Valley.
Indicator measures developed in past research were reviewed to identify their appropriateness for the current application.
Information gaps in existing indicator measures were addressed by creating two new indices to quantify the degree of informal
trailing based on its land fragmentation effects. The selected indicator measures were applied to monitoring data collected
between 2006 and 2008. The selected measures and indices were evaluated for their ability to characterize informal trail impacts
at site and landscape scales. Results demonstrate the utility of indicator measures in capturing different characteristics
of the informal trail problem, though several metrics are strongly related to each other. The two fragmentation indices were
able to depict fragmentation without being too sensitive to changes in one constituent parameter. This study points to the
need for a multiparameter approach to informal trail monitoring and integration with other monitoring data. Implications for
monitoring programs and research are discussed. 相似文献