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排序方式: 共有124条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
91.
James W. Naney Donn G. DeCousey Bill B. Barnes Gene A. Gander 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1978,14(3):640-650
ABSTRACT: A method is presented for predicting base flow using easily measured, or estimated, hydrogeologic parameters. A mathematical model based upon the theory of subsurface flow to parallel drains is applied to a small watershed in Oklahoma. An example of model application is presented for a five-year period of record from this small watershed. Three years of data are used to calibrate the model, and two years of data are used for model validation. Hydrographs of observed and predicted base flow are presented for the five-year period of record. We concluded from this limited application of the model, on a small watershed, that the modeling techniques discussed herein were valid and should be tested for longer time periods on a larger watershed to determine their general applicability. 相似文献
92.
Steven Banwart Eva-Lena Tullborg Karsten Pedersen Erik Gustafsson Marcus Laaksoharju Ann-Chatrin Nilsson Bill Wallin Peter Wikberg 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》1996,21(1-4)
Entrance tunnel construction at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory opened a conductive vertical fracture zone at a depth of 70 m on March 13, 1991. Three weeks later a sharp dilution front corresponding to 80% shallow water inflow to the originally saline fracture zone arrived at the entrance tunnel depth. In spite of this large inflow of shallow water, the fracture zone has remained persistently anoxic over a subsequent
period. Results from gas sampling and 14C dating of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon conclusively show that recent organic carbon is being transported into the fracture zone and oxidized to carbon dioxide. These results are important when considering possible changes of redox status in the deep groundwater environment during construction and operation of a repository for spent nuclear fuel. Opening this fracture zone to large-scale surface water inflow adds reducing capacity in the form of organic carbon. This implies that the soil cover may provide important protection against input of dissolved oxygen to fractures being drained during the open phase of the repository. 相似文献
93.
F.?Bruce?Furrow Charles?D.?Amsler James?B.?McClintock Bill?J.?BakerEmail author 《Marine Biology》2003,143(3):443-449
Latrunculia apicalis is a spherically shaped demosponge that previous investigations have shown is rarely preyed upon by sea stars which are the dominant spongivores in antarctic benthic communities. Prior studies have also demonstrated that L. apicalis produces organic compounds that elicit a tube foot retraction response in the keystone spongivorous sea star Perknaster fuscus that can be used as a reliable assay for feeding deterrence. L. apicalis is known to contain discorhabdin alkaloids which serve, among other roles, as the source of its green coloration. To assess the defensive nature of the discorhabdin alkaloids toward P. fuscus, we have determined discorhabdin G concentrations in discrete sponge layers and evaluated those concentrations in the P. fuscus bioassay. In discorhabdin G-bearing sponges, we found a gradient of discorhabdin G that falls off rapidly toward the center of the sponge. On average, 52% of total discorhabdin G in a given sponge was found within 2 mm of the sponge surface. Tube foot retraction responses to extracts from the surface tissues (0–2 mm depth) of L. apicalis were compared to those of an inner layer (8–10 mm depth) and to a sample comprised of the same inner layer spiked with discorhabdin G at a concentration equivalent to that of the surface tissues. Tube foot retraction response times to extracts of the surface layers and the spiked inner layers were not statistically different, but were significantly greater than responses to the unaltered inner layer and controls. These results support the predictions of the optimal defense theory as L. apicalis sequesters its defensive chemistry (discorhabdin G) in its most vulnerable surface tissues, where the likelihood of predation from sea stars is highest. As antarctic sponges are generally preyed upon by extraoral feeding sea stars rather than deeper biting predators such as fish, surface sequestration may be uniquely adaptive in sessile macroinvertebrates occurring in antarctic marine benthic environments.Communicated by P.W. Sammarco, Chauvin 相似文献
94.
Using Temporal Coherence to Determine the Response to Climate Change in Boreal Shield Lakes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Arnott SE Keller B Dillon PJ Yan N Paterson M Findlay D 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,88(1-3):365-388
Climate change is expected to have important impacts on aquatic ecosystems. On the Boreal Shield, mean annual air temperatures are expected to increase 2 to 4°C over the next 50 years. An important challenge is to predict how changes in climate and climate variability will impact natural systems so that sustainable management policies can be implemented. To predict responses to complex ecosystem changes associated with climate change, we used long-term biotic databases to evaluate how important elements of the biota in Boreal Shield lakes have responded to past fluctuations in climate. Our long-term records span a two decade period where there have been unusually cold years and unusually warm years. We used coherence analyses to test for regionally operating controls on climate, water temperature, pH, and plankton richness and abundance in three regions across Ontario: the Experimental Lakes Area, Sudbury, and Dorset. Inter-annual variation in air temperature was similar among regions, but there was a weak relationship among regions for precipitation. While air temperature was closely related to lake surface temperatures in each of the regions, there were weak relationships between lake surface temperature and richness or abundance of the plankton. However, inter-annual changes in lake chemistry (i.e., pH) were correlated with some biotic variables. In some lakes in Sudbury and Dorset, pH was dependent on extreme events. For example, El Nino related droughts resulted in acidification pulses in some lakes that influenced phytoplankton and zooplankton richness. These results suggest that there can be strong heterogeneity in lake ecosystem responses within and across regions. 相似文献
95.
James B. McClintock Robert A. Angus Christina Ho Charles D. Amsler Bill J. Baker 《Marine Biology》2008,154(6):1077-1084
The circumpolar sea star Odontaster validus is ubiquitous in the nearshore marine benthos of Antarctica. Despite its ecological importance, little is known of its behavioral
interactions with other common sympatric sea stars. To examine these interactions we employed time-lapse video analyses conducted
in a large laboratory tank (1.8 m diameter circular tank, 1,629 L). In each experimental trial, 34 adult O. validus were placed in a tight circular grouping on one side of the tank, and one adult individual of one of three common sympatric
species of predatory sea star (Labidiaster annulatus, Diplasterias brandti, or Perknaster aurorae) was placed on the opposite side of the tank. Digital images of sea star movements were then captured at one min intervals
over a 24 h period and aspects of sea star movements subsequently analyzed. Each 24 h treatment was replicated three times,
as was a control treatment consisting only of O. validus. O. validus had significantly elevated levels of activity in the presence of P. aurorae when compared with the other two sea stars (potential chemically mediated response), and displayed a distinct “flight response”
(change in direction and twofold to sixfold increase of speed) upon tactile contact with this species. Moreover, an “alarm
response” was detected when individuals of O. validus that encountered a fleeing conspecific also fled the vicinity. In contrast, our results indicated that O. validus displays virtually no chemical or tactile behavioral responses to the large multi-armed L. annulatus and only weak tactile responses to D. brandti. 相似文献
96.
Yang Rui Tong Juxiu Hu Bill X. Li Jiayun Wei Wenshuo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(17):15089-15106
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Agricultural non-point source pollution is a major factor in surface water and groundwater pollution, especially for nitrogen (N) pollution. In this... 相似文献
97.
Taylor S. Roumeliotis Brad J. Dixon Bill J. Van Heyst 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(31):3770-3777
This paper characterizes the emission rates of size fractionated particulate matter, inorganic aerosols, acid gases, ammonia and methane measured over four flocks at a commercial broiler chicken facility. Mean emission rates of each pollutant, along with sampling notes, were reported in this paper, the first in a series of two. Sampling notes were needed because inherent gaps in data may bias the mean emission rates.The mean emission rates of PM10 and PM2.5 were 5.0 and 0.78 g day?1 [Animal Unit, AU]?1, respectively, while inorganic aerosols mean emission rates ranged from 0.15 to 0.46 g day?1 AU?1 depending on the season. The average total acid gas emission rate was 0.43 g day?1 AU?1 with the greatest contribution from nitrous and nitric acids and little contribution from sulfuric acid (as SO2).Ammonia emissions were seasonally dependent, with a mean emission rate of 66.0 g day?1 AU?1 in the cooler seasons and 94.5 g day?1 AU?1 during the warmer seasons. Methane emissions were relatively consistent with a mean emission rate of 208 g day?1 AU?1.The diurnal pattern in each pollutant’s emission rate was relatively consistent after normalizing the hourly emissions according to each daily mean emission rate. Over the duration of a production cycle, all the measured pollutants’ emissions increased proportionally to the total live mass of birds in the house, with the exception of ammonia.Interrelationships between pollutants provide evidence of mutually dependent release mechanisms, which suggests that it may be possible to fill data gaps with minimal data requirements. In the second paper (Roumeliotis, T.S., Dixon, B.J., Van Heyst, B.J. Characterization of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter emission rates from a commercial broiler operation part II: correlated emission rates. Atmospheric Environment, 2010.), regression correlations are developed to estimate daily mean emission rates for data gaps and, using the normalized hourly diurnal patterns from this paper, emission factors were generated for each pollutant. 相似文献
98.
Keller WB Heneberry J Leduc J Gunn J Yan N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,115(1-3):419-431
We used multiple linear regression analysis to investigate relationships between late-summer epilimnion thickness, transparency, lake area, acidity and summer weather conditions in a large ($n = 116$) multi-year data set for 9 small Boreal Shield lakes. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the best individual predictor of late summer epilimnion thickness ($r^{2} = 0.69$). Total chlorophyll~$a$, the number of days between ice-out and late-summer stratification, and lake area collectively explained an additional 14% of the variation in epilimnion thickness. The three attributes of summer weather that we examined, mean daily temperature, mean daily wind speed, and mean daily hours of bright sunshine, did not add to the predictive ability of our regression model. Lake acidity also did not add directly to the predictive ability of the model, likely because DOC concentrations already reflected the effects of pH. Our study supports an increasing body of evidence indicating that the dominant effects of climate change on lake thermal structure in small lakes will be through effects on processes that affect lake transparency. 相似文献
99.
Bill S. Hansson Markus Knaden Silke Sachse Marcus C. Stensmyr Dieter Wicher 《Chemoecology》2010,20(2):51-61
Drosophila melanogaster is today one of the three foremost models in olfactory research, paralleled only by the mouse and
the nematode. In the last years, immense progress has been achieved by combining neurogenetic tools with neurophysiology,
anatomy, chemistry, and behavioral assays. One of the most important tasks for a fruit fly is to find a substrate for eating
and laying eggs. To perform this task the fly is dependent on olfactory cues emitted by suitable substrates as e.g. decaying
fruit. In addition, in this area, considerable progress has been made during the last years, and more and more natural and
behaviorally active ligands have been identified. The future challenge is to tie the progress in different fields together
to give us a better understanding of how a fly really behaves. Not in a test tube, but in nature. Here, we review our present
state of knowledge regarding Drosophila plant-odor-related olfactory neuroethology to provide a basis for new progress. 相似文献
100.
Occurrence and behavior of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances from aqueous film‐forming foam in groundwater systems
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Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are fluorinated compounds and the active ingredient in aqueous film‐forming foam (AFFF). AFFF has been identified as a significant source of PFAS contamination in groundwater. PFAS are also present in many other industrial and consumer products and their manufacture and use has led to numerous contaminated sites. Human health risks have been identified with studies linking firefighter cancers to training facilities where AFFF was used. Given the widespread release of these compounds to the environment and their potential health risks, understanding their mobility characteristics is important. This article details the occurrence and behavior of these substances in groundwater systems to help guide the emerging fields of PFAS investigation and remediation. Background is presented on AFFF and PFAS source characteristics, including common industrial and consumer PFAS sources. In addition, chemical properties, sorption and retention parameters, and observed transformation properties of PFAS and related compounds are discussed. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified for future laboratory and field studies. 相似文献