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381.
Zurbrügg C Gfrerer M Ashadi H Brenner W Küper D 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(11):2126-2133
According to most experts, integrated and sustainable solid waste management should not only be given top priority, but must go beyond technical aspects to include various key elements of sustainability to ensure success of any solid waste project. Aside from project sustainable impacts, the overall enabling environment is the key feature determining performance and success of an integrated and affordable solid waste system. This paper describes a project-specific approach to assess typical success or failure factors. A questionnaire-based assessment method covers issues of: (i) social mobilisation and acceptance (social element), (ii) stakeholder, legal and institutional arrangements comprising roles, responsibilities and management functions (institutional element); (iii) financial and operational requirements, as well as cost recovery mechanisms (economic element). The Gianyar Waste Recovery Project in Bali, Indonesia was analysed using this integrated assessment method. The results clearly identified chief characteristics, key factors to consider when planning country wide replication but also major barriers and obstacles which must be overcome to ensure project sustainability. The Gianyar project consists of a composting unit processing 60tons of municipal waste per day from 500,000 inhabitants, including manual waste segregation and subsequent composting of the biodegradable organic fraction. 相似文献
382.
Consistent effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil bacterial communities in contrasting systems 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Ecosystems worldwide are receiving increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen (N) through anthropogenic activities. Although the effects of increased N inputs on plant communities have been reasonably well studied, few comparable studies have examined impacts on whole soil bacterial communities, though they play critical roles in ecosystem functioning. We sampled soils from two long-term ecological research (LTER) experimental N gradients, both of which have been amended with NH4NO3; a grassland at Cedar Creek (27 years of N additions) and an agricultural field at Kellogg Biological Station (8 years of N additions). By examining shifts in bacterial communities across these contrasting ecosystem types, we could test competing hypotheses about the direct and indirect factors that might drive bacterial responses to elevated N inputs. Bacterial community structure was highly responsive to N additions. We observed predictable and consistent changes in the structure of the bacterial communities across both ecosystem types. Our results suggest that bacterial communities across these gradients are more structured by N and/or soil carbon availability than by shifts in the plant community or soil pH associated with the elevated nitrogen inputs. In contrast to the pronounced shifts in bacterial community composition and in direct contrast to the patterns often observed in plant communities, increases in N availability did not have consistent effects on the richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities. 相似文献
383.
Petra Quillfeldt Christian C. Voigt Juan F. Masello 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(7):1157-1164
Pelagic seabird populations can use several discrete wintering areas, but it is unknown if individuals use the same wintering
area year after year. This would have consequences for their population genetic structure and conservation. We here study
the faithfulness of individuals to a moulting area within and among years in a small pelagic seabird, the Thin-billed prion,
which moult their primary feathers during the early part of the non-breeding period. According to stable carbon isotope ratios
(δ13C) of these feathers, 90% of Thin-billed prions moult in Antarctic and 10% in South American waters. Repeated samples from
individuals in 2 or 3 years indicated that several birds changed between Antarctic and South American moulting areas or vice
versa. However, individuals moulting in an area in one year were more likely to do so again. Four out of five adults maintained
highly conserved δ13C over the extended moulting period. One bird, however, had systematic changes in δ13C indicating latitudinal movements between the two areas during moult. Thus, the present data show that this seabird species
has a highly flexible migratory strategy, not only at the population level, but also at the individual level, enabling these
seabirds to exploit a highly unpredictable environment. 相似文献
384.
Yasuko Yoshida Bryan N. Duncan Christian Retscher Kenneth E. Pickering Edward A. Celarier Joanna Joiner K. Folkert Boersma J. Pepijn Veefkind 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(11):1443-1448
The impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 on pollution emissions in the Gulf of Mexico region was investigated using tropospheric column amounts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the NASA Aura satellite. Around New Orleans and coastal Mississippi, we estimate that Katrina caused a 35% reduction in NOx emissions on average in the three weeks after landfall. Hurricane Rita caused a significant reduction (20%) in NOx emissions associated with power generation and intensive oil refining activities near the Texas/Louisiana border. We also found a 43% decrease by these two storms over the eastern Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf mainly due to the evacuation of and damage to platforms, rigs, and ports associated with oil and natural gas production. 相似文献
385.
Khalil Hanna Tiangoua Kone Christian Ruby 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(1):124-134
Background, aim, and scope
In literature, the environmental applications of green rust (GR) have mainly been pointed out through the reduction of inorganic contaminants and the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated organics. However, reactions involving GR for the oxidation and mineralization of organic pollutants remain very scantly described. In this study, the ability of three synthetic Fe(II)–Fe(III) green rusts, GR(CO32−), GR(SO42−), and GR(Cl−), to promote Fenton-like reaction was examined by employing phenol as a model pollutant. Unlike the traditional Fenton’s reagent (dissolved Fe(II) + H2O2), where the pH values have to be lowered to less than 4, the proposed reaction can effectively oxidize the organic molecules at neutral pH and could avoid the initial acidification which may be costly and destructive for the in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and soils. The green rust reactivity towards the oxidative transformation of phenol was thoroughly evaluated by performing a large kinetic study, chemical analyses, and spectroscopic investigations. 相似文献386.
Martin D. King Adrian R. Rennie Christian Pfrang Arwel V. Hughes Katherine C. Thompson 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(14):1822-1825
The reactions between atmospheric oxidants and organic amphiphiles at the air–water interface of an aerosol droplet may affect the size and critical supersaturation required for cloud droplet formation. We demonstrate that no reaction occurs between gaseous nitrogen dioxide (1000 ppm in air) and a monolayer of an insoluble amphiphile, oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid), at the air–water interface which removes material from the air–water interface. We present evidence that the NO2 isomerises the cis-9-octadecenoic (oleic) acid to trans-9-octadecenoic (elaidic) acid. The study presented here is important for future and previous studies of (1) the reaction between the nitrate radical, NO3, and thin organic films as NO2 is usually present in high concentrations in these experimental systems and (2) the effect of NO2 air pollution on the unsaturated fatty acids and lipids found at the air–liquid surface of human lung lining fluid. 相似文献
387.
An ensemble of thirty physico-chemical characteristics was used to assess the quality of well waters in four urban centers
in southern Nigeria: Lagos, Benin City, Warri, and Ekpoma. The characteristics investigated include pH; color; turbidity;
salinity; electrical conductivity, EC; total dissolved solids, TDS; total suspended solids, TSS; dissolved oxygen, DO; total
hydrocarbon, THC; biochemical oxygen demand, BOD; chemical oxygen demand, COD; and nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, sulfate, and
phosphate concentrations. Also monitored were the concentrations of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate,
iron, lead, copper, manganese, zinc, chromium, nickel, and cadmium. The results obtained were compared with World Health Organization,
WHO, and Nigerian Federal Ministry of Environment, FME, drinking water standards. The results show that with the well water
obtained from Lagos, turbidity, 11.80 NTU; pH, 5.68; EC, 1065.55 μS/cm; TDS, 539.00 mg/L; concentrations of iron, 1.83 mg/L;
manganese, 0.14 mg/L; and lead, 1.35 mg/L did not meet the WHO standards. In Warri, pH, 5.19; concentrations of lead, 1.35 mg/L;
and chromium, 0.10 mg/L in the well water were above the WHO desirable limits. The results also indicated that the well water
from Benin City contained concentrations of chromium, 0.18 mg/L; and lead, 0.20 mg/L that exceeded the recommended WHO limits.
In Ekpoma, the pH, 6.00; concentrations of chromium, 0.15 mg/L; and lead, 0.44 mg/L were higher than the desirable limits
of WHO. Generally, the assessments revealed that the waters were good and fit for drinking and other domestic application
without serious threat to public health. 相似文献
388.
Bonton A Bouchard C Rouleau A Rodriguez MJ Therrien R 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2012,128(1-4):1-18
Groundwater contamination by nitrate was investigated in an agricultural area in southern Quebec, Canada, where a municipal well is the local source of drinking water. A network of 38 piezometers was installed within the capture zone of the municipal well to monitor water table levels and nitrate concentrations in the aquifer. Nitrate concentrations were also measured in the municipal well. A Water flow and Nitrate transport Global Model (WNGM) was developed to simulate the impact of agricultural activities on nitrate concentrations in both the aquifer and municipal well. The WNGM first uses the Agriflux model to simulate vertical water and nitrate fluxes below the root zone for each of the seventy agricultural fields located within the capture zone of the municipal well. The WNGM then uses the HydroGeoSphere model to simulate three-dimensional variably-saturated groundwater flow and nitrate transport in the aquifer using water and nitrate fluxes computed with the Agriflux model as the top boundary conditions. The WNGM model was calibrated by reproducing water levels measured from 2005 to 2007 in the network of piezometers and nitrate concentrations measured in the municipal well from 1997 to 2007. The nitrate concentrations measured in the network of piezometers, however, showed greater variability than in the municipal well and could not be reproduced by the calibrated model. After calibration, the model was validated by successfully reproducing the decrease of nitrate concentrations observed in the municipal well in 2006 and 2007. Although it cannot predict nitrate concentrations in individual piezometers, the calibrated and validated WNGM can be used to assess the impact of changes in agricultural practices on global nitrate concentrations in the aquifer and in the municipal well. 相似文献
389.
McKinney MA Letcher RJ Aars J Born EW Branigan M Dietz R Evans TJ Gabrielsen GW Peacock E Sonne C 《Environment international》2011,37(2):365-374
Flame retardants and legacy contaminants were analyzed in adipose tissue from 11 circumpolar polar bear (Ursus maritimus) subpopulations in 2005-2008 spanning Alaska east to Svalbard. Although 37 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total-(α)-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 2 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), pentabromotoluene, pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobenzene, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy(ethane) and decabromodiphenyl ethane were screened, only 4 PBDEs, total-(α-)HBCD and BB153 were consistently found. Geometric mean ΣPBDE (4.6-78.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw)) and BB153 (2.5-81.1 ng/g lw) levels were highest in East Greenland (43.2 and 39.2 ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively), Svalbard (44.4 and 20.9 ng/g lw) and western (38.6 and 30.1 ng/g lw) and southern Hudson Bay (78.4 and 81.1 ng/g lw). Total-(α)-HBCD levels (<0.3-41.1 ng/g lw) were lower than ΣPBDE levels in all subpopulations except in Svalbard, consistent with greater European HBCD use versus North American pentaBDE product use. ΣPCB levels were high relative to flame retardants as well as other legacy contaminants and increased from west to east (1797-10,537 ng/g lw). ΣCHL levels were highest among legacy organochlorine pesticides and relatively spatially uniform (765-3477 ng/g lw). ΣDDT levels were relatively low and spatially variable (31.5-206 ng/g lw). However, elevated proportions of p,p'-DDT to ΣDDT in Alaska and Beaufort Sea relative to other subpopulations suggested fresh inputs from vector control use in Asia and/or Africa. Comparing earlier circumpolar polar bear studies, ΣPBDE, total-(α)-HBCD, p,p'-DDE and ΣCHL levels consistently declined, whereas levels of other legacy contaminants did not. International regulations have clearly been effective in reducing levels of several legacy contaminants in polar bears relative to historical levels. However, slow or stalling declines of certain historic pollutants like PCBs and a complex mixture of "new" chemicals continue to be of concern to polar bear health and that of their arctic marine ecosystems. 相似文献
390.
Sanders CJ Smoak JM Cable PH Patchineelam SR Sanders LM 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(12):1122-1125
Total 210Pb and 7Be fallout rates were measured on the coastal region of Niteroi, Brazil. The monthly depositional flux of 210Pb and 7Be varied by a factor of 26, from 1.7 to 43.3 mBq cm−2 year−1 and ∼27, from 7.5 to 203.5 mBq cm−2 year−1, respectively. The relatively large oscillations in the depositional flux of 210Pb at this study site were likely due to variations in air mass sources, while the 7Be fluctuations may be driven by a combination of weather conditions. Local geology could support the periodic high fluxes of 210Pb from continental air masses, as shifting oceanic wind sources were affirmed by the uncorrelated 210Pb and 7Be fallout activities and 7Be/210Pb ratios. The 210Pb atmospheric deposition was found to be in agreement with local sediment inventories, an important consideration in geochemical studies that estimate sedimentation processes. 相似文献