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511.
Salah Eddine Sbai Chunlin Li Antoinette Boreave Nicolas Charbonnel Sebastien Perrier Philippe Vernoux Farida Bentaye Christian George Sonia Gil 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(1):311-323
Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). To evaluate the formation potential of SOA at an urban site in Lyon (France), an outdoor experiment using a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was conducted throughout entire days during January-February 2017. Diurnal variation of SOA formations and their correlation with OH radical exposure (OHexp), ambient pollutants (VOCs and particulate matters, PM), Relative Humidity (RH), and temperature were explored in this study. Ambient urban air was exposed to high concentration of OH radicals with OHexp in range of (0.2–1.2)×1012 molecule/(cm3?sec), corresponding to several days to weeks of equivalent atmospheric photochemical aging. The results informed that urban air at Lyon has high potency to contribute to SOA, and these SOA productions were favored from OH radical photochemical oxidation rather than via ozonolysis. Maximum SOA formation (36 µg/m3) was obtained at OHexp of about 7.4 × 1011molecule/(cm3?sec), equivalent to approximately 5 days of atmospheric oxidation. The correlation between SOA formation and ambient environment conditions (RH & temperature, VOCs and PM) was observed. It was the first time to estimate SOA formation potential from ambient air over a long period in urban environment of Lyon. 相似文献
512.
Heterogeneous reactions of NO2 on different surfaces play an important role in atmospheric NOx removal and HONO formation, having profound impacts on photochemistry in polluted urban areas. Previous studies have suggested that the NO2 uptake on the ground or aerosol surfaces could be a dominant source for elevated HONO during the daytime. However, the uptake behavior of NO2 varies with different surfaces, and different uptake coefficients were used or derived in different studies. To obtain a more holistic picture of heterogeneous NO2 uptake on different surfaces, a series of laboratory experiments using different flow tube reactors was conducted, and the NO2 uptake coefficients (γ) were determined on inorganic particles, sea water and urban grime. The results showed that heterogeneous reactions on those surfaces were generally weak in dark conditions, with the measured γ varied from <10?8 to 3.2 × 10?7 under different humidity. A photo-enhanced uptake of NO2 on urban grime was observed, with the obvious formation of HONO and NO from the heterogeneous reaction. The photo-enhanced γ was measured to be 1.9 × 10?6 at 5% relative humidity (RH) and 5.8 × 10?6 at 70% RH on urban grime, showing a positive RH dependence for both NO2 uptake and HONO formation. The results demonstrate an important role of urban grime in the daytime NO2-to-HONO conversion, and could be helpful to explain the unknown daytime HONO source in the polluted urban area. 相似文献
513.
Christian Turra Carlos Eduardo de Freitas Vian Flávia Angeli Guisi Nielsen Priscilla Silva Santos Luis Fernando de Freitas Penteado 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2014,27(4):663-679
This study aims to characterize the different types of certification in the Brazilian citriculture as well as analyze the major changes in the market. The paper also has the objective to discuss how social and environmental factors influence the demand for food certifications and the sustainability and ethics aspects in the field. Therefore, a literature review on the subject was carried out as well as a qualitative research using interviews with certifiers, governmental institutions, farmers, cooperatives and producer associations. The certification is becoming mandatory for those working in foreign markets and for those working nationally; it can be a competitive differential. The organic certification in citriculture shows the highest number of growers. Companies with large areas of citrus and the orange juice processing industry are adhering to this certification in order to maintain themselves competitive in the market. There is an enormous potential of Brazilian citriculture certification, because the certified area is still less than 6 % of the total area. Certification reduces the asymmetry of information and consists of an important step towards sustainability although incapable of solely guaranteeing it. 相似文献
514.
Rabassa Mariano J. Conte Grand Mariana García-Witulski Christian M. 《Environmental Economics and Policy Studies》2021,23(1):1-28
Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - Governments throughout the globe usually implement early warning systems to prevent health-related costs from exposure to extreme heat. In a warming... 相似文献
515.
Hannah Förster Till Sterzel Christian A. Pape Marta Moneo-Lain Insa Niemeyer Rizaldi Boer Jürgen P. Kropp 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(4):893-904
Adaptation to climate-change impacts requires understanding of where impacts are to be expected and what their magnitude may
be. Adaptation funds are only a limited resource for helping affected parties in coping with climate-change impacts. The application
of suitable methods helps to determine the recipients of adaptation aid. A quantification of impacts based on different impact
analyses can aid in taking on various perspectives on the same problem in order to identify the appropriate perspective for
the given decision-making context or for identifying impact patterns. Once executed, this prioritizes adaptation needs and
finding a suitable allocation rule, given the policy makers perception of the decision-making context. The study introduces
a set of methods of spatially explicit, sub-national (province level), and country-wide impact analyses regarding inundation
impacts on agricultural areas for four important food crops in Indonesia. These methods are applied to a 1 and 2 m sea-level
rise scenario and include a novel approach for impact analyses, data envelopment analysis, which is not widely used in environmental
studies as of yet. Based on the given case study, the paper demonstrates the applicability of these methods and identifies
impact patterns. 相似文献
516.
Mucus released by scleractinian corals can act as an important energy and nutrient carrier in coral reef ecosystems, and a
distinct isotopic signature would allow following the fate of this material. This study investigates the natural C and N stable
isotopic signatures of mucus released by four scleractinian coral genera (Acropora, Fungia, Pocillopora and Stylophora) in comparison with those of suspended particulate organic matter (POM) in seawater of a Northern Red Sea fringing coral
reef near Aqaba, Jordan. The natural δ13C and δ15N signatures of coral mucus differed significantly from seawater POM for the majority of seasonal comparisons, but were inappropriate
for explicit tracing of mucus in the coral reef food web. Thus, a labeling technique using stable isotope tracers (13C and 15N) was developed that produced δ13C values of up to 122 ± 5‰ (mean ± SE) and δ15N of up to 2,100 ± 151‰ in mucus exuded by Fungia corals. 13C and 15N-enriched compounds were rapidly (within 3 h) and light-dependently transferred from the endosymbiotic zooxanthellae to the
mucus-producing coral host. The traceability of 15N-labeled mucus was examined by evaluating its uptake and potential utilization by epizoic acoelomorph Waminoa worms naturally occurring on a range of scleractinian coral taxa. This tracer experiment resulted in uptake of coral mucus
by the coral-associated acoelomorphs and further demonstrated the possibility to trace stable isotope-labeled coral mucus
by revealing a new trophic pathway in coral reef ecosystems. 相似文献
517.
Christian Pansch Ali Nasrolahi Yasmin Shirin Appelhans Martin Wahl 《Marine Biology》2013,160(8):2023-2035
We investigated the impacts of warming and elevated pCO2 on newly settled Amphibalanus improvisus from Kiel Fjord, an estuarine ecosystem characterized by significant natural pCO2 variability. In two experiments, juvenile barnacles were maintained at two temperature and three pCO2 levels (20/24 °C, 700–2,140 μatm) for 8 weeks in a batch culture and at four pCO2 levels (20 °C, 620–2,870 μatm) for 12 weeks in a water flow-through system. Warming as well as elevated pCO2 hardly affected growth or the condition index of barnacles, although some factor combinations led to temporal significances in enhanced or reduced growth with an increase in pCO2. While warming increased the shell strength of A. improvisus individuals, elevated pCO2 had only weak effects. We demonstrate a strong tolerance of juvenile A. improvisus to mean acidification levels of about 1,000 μatm pCO2 as is already naturally experienced by the investigated barnacle population. 相似文献
518.
The uncertainty of future economic development affects the term structure of discount rates and, thus, the intertemporal weights that are to be used in cost benefit analysis. The U.K. and France have recently adopted a falling term structure to incorporate uncertainty and the U.S. is considering a similar step. A series of publications discusses the following concern: a seemingly analogous argument used to justify falling discount rates can also justify increasing discount rates. We show that increasing and decreasing discount rates mean different things, can coexist, are created by different channels through which risk affects evaluation, and have the same qualitative effect of making long-term payoffs more attractive. 相似文献
519.
Mohammed Rasheed Christian Wild Carin Jantzen Mohammed Badran 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(1):13-20
In situ and laboratory incubation experiments in a fringing reef in the Gulf of Aqaba were performed to study degradation rates of particulate organic matter in reef sediments. Coral mucus, clam eggs, and zooxanthellae were used as model particulate organic compounds for these experiments. Aerobic and anaerobic mineralization rates were calculated by dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and O2 fluxes from the sediments under different particulate organic matter additions. Fast enhancement (approximately twofold) of O2 and DIC fluxes were found with the addition of coral mucus and clam eggs compared with control incubations without addition. Most of the degradation is believed to have occurred anaerobically rather than aerobically (DIC:O2 ratios were 4.3–28.1). Higher degradation rates of coral mucus and clam eggs were estimated in carbonate sediment than in silicate sediment (1.2–1.6-fold), which was attributed to the different physical and chemical properties of both sediments. Our study shows the significance of the reef sediment as a suitable site for microbial degradation of particulate organic material excreted from different reef community organisms. This may increase the regeneration of nutrients in the reef environment necessary to sustain high biological productivity. 相似文献
520.
Christian Sonne Pall S. Leifsson Rune Dietz Maja Kirkegaard Per Møller Asger L. Jensen 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(3):563-576
Persistent organic pollutants such as Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) are known to exert various adverse health effects in wildlife mammals. The impact from dietary intake of minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) blubber high in organohalogen and other chemical contaminants on renal morphology and function was investigated via a controlled study on West Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris). Our results showed significantly higher frequencies of glomerular, tubular, and interstitial lesions in the exposed group. Furthermore, higher urine protein?:?creatinine ratio and plasma urea levels were found in the exposed group, which indicated a negative impact on kidney function via tubular and glomerular dysfunctions. The lesions were similar to those observed in top predator marine species–such as seals and polar bears–and humans exposed via diet to persistent environmental pollutants. The lesions may have impacts on the overall health of these animals. It is reasonable to suggest that chronic exposure to organic pollutants via a country diet of high trophic level marine organisms may have an impact on renal morphology and function in Arctic apex predators in general as well as Inuit people. 相似文献