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991.
Speed-accuracy tradeoffs are a common feature of decision-making processes, both in individual animals and in groups of animals
working together to reach a single collective decision. Individual organisms display consistent differences in their “impulsivity,”
and vary in their tendency to make rapid, impulsive choices as opposed to slower, more accurate decisions. However, we do
not yet know whether groups of animals consistently differ in their tendency to prioritize decision speed over accuracy. We
challenged 17 swarms of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to simultaneously choose a new nest site in each of three locations, and measured their decision speeds in each trial. We
found that swarms displayed consistent personality differences in the number of waggle dances and shaking signals they performed
and in how actively they scouted for new nest sites. However, swarms did not consistently differ in how long they took to
choose a nest site. We suggest that house-hunting A. mellifera swarms may place an especially high emphasis on decision accuracy when choosing a nest site, and that chance events—such
as the time when each swarm discovers a sufficiently high-quality nest site—may consequently play a greater role in determining
a swarm’s decision speed than intrinsic characteristics such as a swarm’s “impulsivity.” 相似文献
992.
993.
M.E. Fenn E.B. Allen S.B. Weiss S. Jovan L.H. Geiser G.S. Tonnesen R.F. Johnson L.E. Rao B.S. Gimeno F. Yuan T. Meixner A. Bytnerowicz 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(12):2404-2423
Empirical critical loads for N deposition effects and maps showing areas projected to be in exceedance of the critical load (CL) are given for seven major vegetation types in California. Thirty-five percent of the land area for these vegetation types (99,639 km2) is estimated to be in excess of the N CL. Low CL values (3–8 kg N ha?1 yr?1) were determined for mixed conifer forests, chaparral and oak woodlands due to highly N-sensitive biota (lichens) and N-poor or low biomass vegetation in the case of coastal sage scrub (CSS), annual grassland, and desert scrub vegetation. At these N deposition critical loads the latter three ecosystem types are at risk of major vegetation type change because N enrichment favors invasion by exotic annual grasses. Fifty-four and forty-four percent of the area for CSS and grasslands are in exceedance of the CL for invasive grasses, while 53 and 41% of the chaparral and oak woodland areas are in exceedance of the CL for impacts on epiphytic lichen communities. Approximately 30% of the desert (based on invasive grasses and increased fire risk) and mixed conifer forest (based on lichen community changes) areas are in exceedance of the CL. These ecosystems are generally located further from emissions sources than many grasslands or CSS areas. By comparison, only 3–15% of the forested and chaparral land areas are estimated to be in exceedance of the NO3? leaching CL. The CL for incipient N saturation in mixed conifer forest catchments was 17 kg N ha?1 yr?1. In 10% of the CL exceedance areas for all seven vegetation types combined, the CL is exceeded by at least 10 kg N ha?1 yr?1, and in 27% of the exceedance areas the CL is exceeded by at least 5 kg N ha?1 yr?1. Management strategies for mitigating the effects of excess N are based on reducing N emissions and reducing site N capital through approaches such as biomass removal and prescribed fire or control of invasive grasses by mowing, selective herbicides, weeding or domestic animal grazing. Ultimately, decreases in N deposition are needed for long-term ecosystem protection and sustainability, and this is the only strategy that will protect epiphytic lichen communities. 相似文献
994.
M.J. Metzger R.G.H. Bunce M. van Eupen M. Mirtl 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(6):1357-1365
Integration of European long term ecosystem research (LTER) would provide important support for the management of the pan-European environment and ecosystems, as well as international policy commitments. This does require appropriate coverage of Europe and standardised frameworks and research methods between countries. Emerging interest in socio-ecological systems prompted the present assessment of the distribution of LTER activities across European socio-ecological gradients. This paper presents a European stratification with a 1 km2 resolution, delineating 48 broad socio-ecological regions. The dataset is based on an existing biogeophysical stratification constructed using multivariate clustering of mainly climatic variables and a newly developed socio-economic stratification based on an economic density indicator. The coverage of European LTER facilities across the socio-ecological gradients is tested using this dataset. The analysis shows two strong biases in the present LTER effort. Firstly, urban and disturbed regions are consistently under-represented, illustrating a bias for traditional ecological research away from human activity. Secondly, the Mediterranean, for which some of the most extreme global change impacts are projected, is receiving comparatively little attention. Both findings can help guide future investment in the European LTER network – and especially in a Long Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) component– to provide a more balanced coverage. This will provide better scientific understanding of pan-European environmental concerns and support the management of natural resources and international policy commitments in the European Union. 相似文献
995.
The extent to which genetic divergence can occur in the absence of physical barriers to gene flow is currently one of the
most controversial topics in evolutionary biology, with implications for our understanding of speciation, phenotypic plasticity
and adaptive potential. This is illustrated by a recent study reporting a surprising pattern of genetic differentiation between
intertidal and subtidal morphotypes of the broadcast-spawning Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna. To explore this further, we collected almost 400 Antarctic limpets from four depths (intertidal, 6, 15 and 25 m) at Adelaide
island, Antarctica, and conducted a combined morphometric and genetic analysis using 168 polymorphic amplified fragment length
polymorphism (AFLP) loci. Morphological analysis revealed not only pronounced differences between the two morphotypes, but
also a continuous cline in shell shape from the intertidal zone down to 25 m depth, suggesting that the distinction between
the morphotypes may be artificial. Moreover, genetic analysis using both F
st and a Bayesian analogue found no evidence for differentiation either between the two morphotypes or by depth, and a Bayesian
cluster analysis did not detect any cryptic genetic structure. Our findings lend support to the notion that limpets can be
phenotypically highly plastic, although further studies are required to determine unequivocally whether there is any genetic
basis to the observed variation in shell morphology. 相似文献
996.
Wagner G. Moravia Míriam C.S. Amaral Liséte C. Lange 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2013,33(1):89-101
A high content of refractory organic matter, ammonia and toxic compounds is characteristic of landfill leachate. Advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) are an attractive alternative for landfill leachate treatment. However, when applied as a unique process treatment, they do not provide a complete solution for the effluent treatment. Combining AOP with a membrane separation process (MSP) presents a number of benefits and provides an adequate solution for this problem. With this in mind, the present work aims to evaluate, using a bench scale, leachate treatability through AOP by Fenton’s reagent (AOP/Fenton) combined with microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF). A high efficient removal of COD (63%), true color (76%) and humic substances (50%) was observed during AOP/Fenton under optimized conditions (1.7 g H2O2/g CODraw leachate; FeSO4·7H2O:H2O2 = 1:5.3; pH = 3.8; reaction conditions = 115 rpm/28 min). According to the evaluated parameters, MSP presented an efficient complementary treatment, in which the integrity of the stages was sufficient for reaching regulatory levels in the effluent (Deliberação Normativa Conjunta COPAM/CERH-MG No. 1, May 5, 2008). 相似文献
997.
Justin M. Langridge R. Joel Gustafsson Paul T. Griffiths R. Anthony Cox Richard M. Lambert Roderic L. Jones 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(32):5128-5131
The photoenhanced uptake of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to the surface of commercially available self-cleaning window glass has been studied under controlled laboratory conditions. This material is one of an array of modern building products which incorporate titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and are finding increasing use in populated urban areas. Amongst the principal drivers for the use of these materials is that they are thought to facilitate the irreversible removal of pollutants such as NO2 and organic molecules from the atmosphere and thus act to remediate air quality. While it appears that TiO2 materials do indeed remove organic molecules from built environments, in this study we show that the photoenhanced uptake of NO2 to one example material, self-cleaning window glass, is in fact accompanied by the substantial formation (50–70%) of gaseous nitrous acid (HONO). This finding has direct and serious implications for the use of these materials in urban areas. Not only is HONO a harmful respiratory irritant, it is also readily photolysed by solar radiation leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) together with the re-release of NOx as NO. The net effect of subsequent OH initiated chemistry can then be the further degradation of air quality through the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone and VOC oxidation products. In summary, we suggest that a scientifically conceived technical strategy for air quality remediation based on this technology, while widely perceived as universally beneficial, could in fact have effects precisely opposite to those intended. 相似文献
998.
999.
Direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from fertilized soils are generally estimated using emission factors. However, the emission factors for N2O emission of applied slurry are not well quantified. The effect of slurry application technique on N2O emission was quantified in field experiments in the Netherlands in order to derive N2O emission factors for (shallow) injected and surface-applied cattle and pig slurries. Fluxes of N2O were measured using a closed flux chamber technique and a photo-acoustic infra-red gasmonitor. Fluxes of N2O were measured 64–83 times on grassland on sandy and clay soils and maize land on sandy soil, in the period 2007–2009. There were large differences in total N2O emission between the years, and differences between treatments were not consistent over the years and sites. The average emission factor of all treatments and years (n = 35) was 0.9% of the N applied, which is close to the default IPCC emission factor of 1%. However, the range in emission was large, i.e. from ?0.2% to 7.0%. The average emission factor for grassland was 1.7% of the N applied for calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), 0.4% for shallow injected cattle slurry, and 0.1% for surface-applied cattle slurry. For maize land, the average emission factor for CAN was 0.1% of the N applied, for injected cattle slurry 0.9% and for surface-applied cattle slurry 0.4%. The emission factors for pig slurry applied to maize land were higher than for cattle slurry; 3.6% for injected pig slurry and 0.9% for surface-applied pig slurry. Increasing the N application rate on maize land resulted in higher emission factors for CAN, injected cattle slurry, and injected pig slurry. Concluding, on both grassland and maize land (shallow) injection of slurry increased the average emission factor of N2O in comparison to surface application. Differentiation of N2O emission factors which takes specific factors into account, such as N type and rate and application technique, can improve the quantification of N2O emission from agricultural soils and is needed to derive most efficient options for mitigation. 相似文献
1000.
Hospital wastes are infectious wastes generated in hospitals and need to be disposed in such a way that they do not spread
disease. In this experiment, 5, 10, 15 and 20% cow manure (CM) were mixed with hospital wastes (HW), and mixed wastes were
subjected to vermicomposting. In control treatment, only HW was used for vermicomposting. Results suggested that significantly
(P ≤ 0.05) higher total nitrogen content was recorded in vermicomposts when 10% or more CM was added to HW. Higher mineralization
rate (decrease in C/N ratio) and cellulase activity is probably responsible for rapid organic matter decomposition (loss of
total organic carbon). Ergosterol content i.e., total fungal biomass and cellulolytic fungal population were almost constant
initially, but increased in the latter stage of vermicomposting. All the vermicompost samples, prepared in this experiment,
showed the absence of coliform bacteria. Therefore, it could be concluded that 10% CM addition with HW was the most economical
to obtain best quality vermicompost in terms of nutrient content and microbial status. 相似文献