Edaphic factors affecting the vertical distribution of radionuclides in the different soil types of Belgrade, Serbia

The specific activities of natural radionuclides ((40)K, (226)Ra and (232)Th) and Chernobyl-derived (137)Cs were measured in soil profiles representing typical soil types of Belgrade (Serbia): chernozems, fluvisols, humic gleysols, eutric cambisols, vertisols and gleyic fluvisols. The influence of soil properties and content of stable elements on radionuclide distribution down the soil profiles (at 5 cm intervals up to 50 cm depth) was analysed. Correlation analysis identified associations of (40)K, (226)Ra and (137)Cs with fine-grained soil fractions. Significant positive correlations were found between (137)Cs specific activity and both organic matter content and cation exchange capacity. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and specific electrical conductivity were also positively correlated with the specific activity of (137)Cs. The strong positive correlations between (226)Ra and (232)Th specific activities and Fe and Mn indicate an association with oxides of these elements in soil. The correlations observed between (40)K and Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn and also between (137)Cs and Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn could be attributed to their common affinity for clay minerals. These results provide insight into the main factors that affect radionuclide migration in the soil, which contributes to knowledge about radionuclide behaviour in the environment and factors governing their mobility within terrestrial ecosystems.     

Aerobic treatment of swine manure to enhance anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation

Aerobic treatment of swine manure was coupled with anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation. A 14-day aerobic treatment reduced the total solid content of swine manure by >15%. Ammonia and carbon dioxide were stripped by the air supplied, and this off-gas was further used to aerate the culture of Chlorella vulgaris. The microalgal growth rates in Bristol medium and the wastewater with the off-gas increased from 0.08 to 0.22 g/L/d and from 0.15 to 0.24 g/L/d, respectively. Meanwhile, the aerobically treated swine manure showed a higher methane yield during anaerobic digestion. The experimental results were used to establish a demonstration unit consisting of a 100 L composter, a 200 L anaerobic digester, a 60 L tubular photobioreactor, and a 300 L micro-open raceway pond.     

Honeybees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis>) as a biological barrier for contamination of honey by environmental toxic metals

The aim of the study was to investigate the transfer of toxic metals from honeybee workers (Apis mellifera L.) to bee honey in relation to the ecological state of the environment. The materials of the study consisted of samples of honeybee bodies and varietal honeys taken from the same apiary located in three areas: R1—urbanized (16), R2—ecologically clean (16) and R3—industrialized (15) of south-eastern Poland. The contents of 14 elements in all tested samples, including toxic metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Al, Ni, Tl) as well as bioelements (K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se), were analysed by the ICP-OES method with prior microwave mineralization. The concentrations of the majority of the studied elements, excluding aluminum and lead, were significantly higher in bee bodies than in honey samples (P?<?0.05). The pollution of bee bodies by toxic metals was dependent on the environmental cleanliness, and the most pollution was observed in the industrialized area. The bee body was the most effective barrier for Cd and Tl transfer to the honey, while the level of Ni was similar in both tested materials. The Al concentration was significantly higher in honey than bee bodies (14.81?±?24.69 and 6.51?±?5.83 mg kg^?1, respectively), which suggests the possibility of secondary contamination of honey. The greatest sensitivity to heavy metal pollution was observed in honeydew honey compared to nectar honeys (P?<?0.05). It was proved for the first time that bees work as biofilters for toxic metals and prevent honey contamination.     

Design,Modelling and Assessment of Emission Scenarios Resulting from a Network of Wood Biomass Boilers

The use of wood biomass as a fuel for domestic and industrial heating systems allows for a reduction of CO₂ emissions at a global scale, but it may also result in worse local air quality conditions, due to their emissions of particulate matter. The aim of this study is to assess the actual trend of atmospheric pollution in a study area, assuming that all heating systems are replaced by small size biomass boilers linked to the buildings through district heating network. Ground level concentrations of particulate matter, emitted by different heating systems, are therefore evaluated through numerical simulations performed by means of an atmospheric dispersion model (Sirane). As a first step, we have compared the environmental impact of a woodchip boilers network with that given by the use of traditional heating systems, i.e. wood stoves and natural gas boilers. As a second step, we have analysed the impact of such a network taking into account different emission scenarios, related to different boilers operating conditions. Results show that the environmental performances of a woodchip boilers network can be optimized by combining it with other renewable sources of energy devoted to the supply of hot water. The adopted analysis methodology can be applied to other real or hypothetic punctual sources on the territory.     

蓝藻资源化技术研究及应用进展

针对蓝藻资源化问题,概述国内外利用蓝藻制备有机肥、提取高纯度藻蓝蛋白、制备活性炭和藻粉这4种利用方式的特点、现状及应用进展。提出,应从高温好氧堆肥技术、藻蓝蛋白提取技术和藻水分离技术这3个方面,解决其关键技术问题并进行进一步研究开发。     

污染土壤中铅的测定方法比对

采用原子吸收光谱法(AAS法)、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-OES法)和X-荧光光谱法(XRF法)分别测定污染土壤中的铅,并对检出限、精密度、准确度等指标进行了比对。结果表明,3种方法均能满足质量控制的要求,测定结果之间无显著性差异; 3种方法中ICP-OES法和XRF法可同时测定多元素,但XRF法更快速简便。     

三峡库区消落带农用坡地磷素径流流失特征

消落带是三峡库区重要的生态交错带,但自发农用和无序开发可能会造成更多的氮磷流失,进而加剧三峡库区水体富营养化。通过对库区连续3 a的定位监测（2011~2013年）,研究了三峡库区消落带农用坡地的磷素流失特征。结果表明：次降雨事件中常规施肥处理的地表径流、壤中流总磷平均浓度分别为0.848±0.153、0.140±0.006 mg/L,其中地表径流中磷的形态以颗粒态为主,壤中流以溶解态的生物可利用磷为主。常规施肥下,地表径流、壤中流磷素年均流失通量分别为0.236±0.004、0.100±0.003 kg·hm 2,地表径流、壤中流磷素流失通量分别占总流失通量的70.2%、29.8%,地表径流是坡地磷素流失的主要途径,但壤中流也是不可忽视的重要途径。与常规施肥处理相比,减量施肥处理地表径流、壤中流磷素流失量分别降低了45.3%、40.0%。建议采取减量施肥的方式,以降低营养盐负荷,保护水环境。     

高效石油烃降解菌的筛选及其对原油污染土壤的修复

从陕北原油污染土壤中筛选出7株高效石油烃降解菌,其中黄杆菌属CC-2、不动细菌属SC-5、假单胞菌属SC-6表现出较强的石油烃降解能力。通过单因素试验和正交试验考察总石油烃(TPH)降解效果的影响因素,得出各因素对TPH降解率影响程度的大小次序为:溶液p H降解温度降解菌接种量摇床转速,且在降解菌接种量为7%(φ)、溶液p H为7、降解温度为30℃、摇床转速为150 r/min的最适处理条件下,菌株SC-6的TPH降解率可达61.23%。原油污染土壤生物修复实验结果表明:高效石油烃降解菌的投加有利于土壤TPH降解率和酶活性的提高;"菌株SC-6+营养剂"组修复处理42 d后的TPH降解率可达57.59%。     

地下铀矿山留矿法采场受限空间内氡迁移的数值模拟

为研究铀矿山留矿法采场氡迁移规律,依据留矿法采场的构造和物理几何尺寸,建立了受限空间内颗粒堆积型射气介质气体流动的数学模型和氡迁移方程,以10 m和20 m高爆破矿堆为对象,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,研究了不同通风条件下采场中氡的迁移规律。结果表明:1)采场下行通风方式降低矿堆上部作业空间氡浓度的效果优于上行通风方式,但对采场运输巷道氡浓度的效果相反;采场排风氡浓度与采场通风风量成反比,氡析出份额与通风风量成正比;2)在相同通风风量下,10 m高爆破矿堆与20 m高爆破矿堆氡析出份额之差随通风风流量增长而逐渐缩小;3)均压通风对渗透率高(k=1×10-8m2)的采场排风氡浓度、矿堆氡析出份额有明显影响。