温度对厨余垃圾两相厌氧消化中水解和酸化过程的影响

实验考查了厨余垃圾在4个温度(25℃、37℃、40℃、50℃)条件下的水解率、挥发酸(VFA)产量和速率、乳酸产量和有机酸的组成.结果表明:温度对水解和酸化过程均有较大影响,在小于37℃范围内水解率和酸化率均随温度升高而增加,最大的VFA浓度在37℃下获得,达34.4g/L.超过37℃,酸化率下降而水解率继续增加,最大水解率在50℃下获得达82%.VFA中以甲酸和乙酸为主,并有少量丙酸和丁酸产生,同时乳酸浓度一直较高.通过实验确定了厨余垃圾水解酸化过程的最优温度条件为37℃.     

特种作业培训中HSE知识的培训

1 特种作业人员需要掌握HSE知识 特种作业是风险比较高的作业,容易发生各类事故,尽管国家对特种作业有严格管理规定和要求,但在具体培训中,如何做才能达到目的,收到效果,我们进行了有益探索.     

浅谈提高安全培训效果的方法

提高安全培训的效果,是加强安全生产培训工作的目的.如何提高安全培训的效果?笔者认为应注意以下几点: 1加强安全培训需求调研     

Sequential UV-biological degradation of chlorophenols

The sequential UV-biological degradation of a mixture of 4-chlorophenol (CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was first tested with each pollutant supplied at an initial concentration of 50 mg l(-1). Under these conditions, the chlorophenols were photodegraded in the following order of removal rate: PCP>TCP>DCP>CP with only CP and DCP remaining after 40 h of irradiation. The remaining CP (41 mg l(-1)) and DCP (13 mg l(-1)) were then completely removed by biological treatment with an activated sludge mixed culture. Biodegradation did not occur in similar tests conducted with a non-irradiated mixture due to the high microbial toxicity of the solution. UV treatment lead to a significant reduction of the phytotoxicity to Lipedium sativum but no further reduction of phytotoxicity was observed after biological treatment. Evidence was found that the pollutants were partially photodegraded into toxic and non-biodegradable products. When the pollutants were tested individually (initial concentration of 50 mg l(-1)), PCP, TCP, DCP, 4-CP were photodegraded according to first order kinetic model (r2>99) with half-lives of 2.2, 3.3, 5.7, and 54 h, respectively. The photoproducts were subsequently biodegraded. This study illustrates the potential of UV as pre-treatment for biological treatment in order to remove toxicity and enhance the biodegradability of organic contaminants. However, it also shows that UV treatment must be carefully optimized to avoid the formation of toxic and/or recalcitrant photoproducts and results from studies conducted on single contaminants cannot be extrapolated to mixtures.     

Degradation of toxaphene in aged and freshly contaminated soil

Degradation of toxaphene in soil from both newly contaminated (from Sweden) and aged spills (from Nicaragua) were studied. The newly contaminated soil contained approximately 11 mg kg(-1) toxaphene while the aged Nicaraguan soil contained approximately 100 mg kg(-1). Degradation was studied in anaerobic bioreactors, some of which were supplied with lactic acid and others with Triton X-114. In this study we found that the lower isomers Parlar 11, 12 were degraded while the concentration of isomer Parlar 15 increased. This supported an earlier evaluation which indicated that less chlorinated isomers are formed from more heavily isomers. Lactic acid when added to the soil, interfere with the degradation of toxaphene. Lactic acid was added; several isomers appeared to degrade rather slowly in newly contaminated Swedish soil. The Swedish soil, without any external carbon source, showed the slowest degradation rate of all the compounds studied. When Triton X-114 at 0.4 mM was added, the degradation rate of the compounds increased. This study illustrates that biodegradation of toxaphene is a complex process and several parameters have to be taken into consideration. Degradation of persistent pollutants in the environment using biotechnology is dependent on bioavailability, carbon sources and formation of metabolites.     

基于OCO-2卫星重构的中国地区高覆盖XCO2时空分布特征

卫星遥感技术是深入了解大气二氧化碳（CO₂）时空分布特征的重要手段之一，由于探测技术的限制，目前基于卫星遥感观测数据反演的CO₂产品的空间覆盖度较低，数据缺失严重，不足以反映CO₂浓度的空间分布情况。现基于轨道碳观测卫星-2 （OCO-2）、哨兵5P （Sentinel-5P）、美国CO₂同化模拟系统（Carbon Tracker）和欧洲中期天气预报中心第5代（ERA-5）气象再分析数据，结合时间序列拟合估算模型和随机森林算法，重构了2019—2022年中国地区高精度（0.05°×0.05°）大气CO₂平均干空气混合比（XCO₂），分析了中国地区CO₂时空变化特征。与OCO-2和Carbon Tracker对比结果显示，重构得到的XCO₂与OCO-2的观测结果一致性更高，均方根误差为1.05 ×10^-6，决定系数高达0.96，可以在较高空间分辨率上体现中国地区XCO₂的时空分布情况。基于重构的XCO₂数据得知，中国地区XCO₂呈现明显的季节性波动，XCO₂呈冬春高、夏秋低的特征；2019—2022年，中国地区XCO₂呈现逐年上升的趋势，增长率达到（2.41±0.01）×10^-6/a，但近年来增长速率有所降低；从空间分布来看，中国东部、北部、中部地区的XCO₂显著高于其他地区，且增长率也较高；进一步分析中国典型经济区的XCO₂发现，杭州、天津、成都的XCO₂在各经济区内的增长最为迅速。研究成果可为碳监测研究、碳排放清单验证、碳排放管理、温室气体减排等研究提供重要的数据支撑。     

现代森林消防头盔的发展趋势与设计方向

阐述了现代森林消防头盔的研究意义,总结了国内外近年消防头盔的研究成果,得出现代森林消防头盔的发展趋势,并提出了今后现代森林消防头盔设计研究的六大主要方向和内容.     

Impact of global warming on European tidal estuaries: some evidence of northward migration of estuarine fish species

The aim of this study was to determine whether the latitudinal distribution of fish species that use estuaries to complete their entire life cycle has shifted northward as an expected consequence of global warming. The mean latitude of past fish species distributions found in 1970s’ literature was compared with the mean latitude of distributions today based on fish density indices collected in 55 tidal estuaries along the Atlantic European seaboard, from Portugal to Scotland. Among the 15 most common species, 11 displayed a positive difference between current and past mean latitudes suggesting a northward shift of the populations. Using the occurrence of subtropical species in temperate areas as an indicator of water warming, the northernmost range limit of 10 subtropical species was subsequently focused on. Six of them were recorded up to their past northern latitudinal limit. These results reinforced the idea that a number of fish species associated to estuaries have migrated northwards over the last 30 years, possibly due to water warming. These ecological changes can get important managerial implications, i.e. in the assessment of the ecological status in European directives.