空气发生器用于油色谱在线监测装置的应用研究

油色谱在线监测装置和空气发生器等装置的结构和原理进行了系统介绍,对油中溶解气体在线监测装置运维过程中的相关问题进行了说明。对空气发生器式油色谱在线监测装置的测量误差和测量重复性进行了验证,对进行气源改造的油色谱在线监测装置进行了为期1年的跟踪试验验证。实验结果表明:空气发生器式油色谱在线监测装置的测量误差符合技术规范的A级要求,测量重复性低于技术规范要求的5%;进行气源改造的2台装置的测量误差符合技术规范的A级要求,1年内,平均故障次数为1.125次/季度,明显低于未改造的装置。     

X射线数字成像技术在电力设备故障诊断中的应用

用传统的带电检测方法对电力设备进行故障诊断时,检测结果仅是基于非直接特征表象的判断,这使得诊断结果存在漏判或误判的可能。通过介绍X射线数字成像技术,将X射线数字成像技术运用到电力设备的缺陷检测中,在不打开电力设备本体的前提下,对电力设备进行X射线透射,通过对生成图像进行分析,可以发现设备内部存在的缺陷或瑕疵,应用效果表明X射线数字成像技术可用于高效开展电力设备可视化无损检测,结果清晰准确,为电力设备的故障诊断及检修提供了直观的依据。     

基于改进电桥法的直流系统接地故障检测方法

直流系统的稳定性影响着发电厂和变电站的安全运行,介绍了几种传统的直流系统接地故障检测方法,并分析了每种方法的优缺点。针对传统直流系统接地故障检测方法的不足,提出了一种基于改进电桥法的故障检测方法,通过两次投切检测电阻来检测电桥上的不平衡电流和支路漏电流,计算得出接地电阻并快速找出故障支路,通过对比分析发现改进电桥法的测量准确性更高。     

我国“十四五”时期农村环境保护总体思路探讨

打好升级版污染防治攻坚战,思路创新与转型是关键。我国农村环境保护底子薄、基础差、欠账多,现阶段农村环境治理仍是经济社会发展的突出"短板"和显著"弱项"。本文在分析"十四五"时期农村环境保护工作基础和面临形势的基础上,提出以改善农村环境质量、提高农村环境治理体系和治理能力现代化水平为核心,以解决农民群众身边最紧迫、最直接的突出生态环境问题为导向,聚焦农村生态、农业生产、农民生活三大重点领域,统筹城乡污染治理体制机制,推动建立多元共治体系,打通"两山"转化通道,打好升级版的农村污染防治攻坚战的总体思路,助力乡村振兴战略,全面提升农村生态文明和绿色发展水平。     

UV-Fenton法处理聚醚废水研究

采用UV-Fenton法处理实际聚醚废水,并通过响应曲面法对UV-Fenton法的运行参数进行优化,以H2O2投加量、FeSO4·7H2O投加量和处理时间为自变量,以废水的COD去除率及出水氨氮浓度为响应值,进行中心组合实验设计。同时,采用气相色谱/质谱技术对UV-Fenton法处理前后废水中污染物进行分析和鉴定。结果表明:(1)最优参数条件为H2O2和COD质量比1.49、FeSO4·7H2O和H2O2质量比0.83、处理时间71min,此时COD去除率为62.3%,出水氨氮质量浓度为45.5mg/L。(2)模型的拟合程度较高,两个响应值方程的决定系数(R2)分别为0.986 4、0.961 6。(3)进水中主要污染物有37种,经UV-Fenton法处理后出水中降低至29种,总有机物丰度降低约93.4%。(4)UV-Fenton法对醚类、酯类或酰胺类大分子有机物具有显著的降解效果,可将其转化为短链的烃类及醇类物质。     

烟台市PM2.5空间分布特征与来源解析

2016—2017年,选取烟台市3个代表性点位采集了PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其质量浓度和化学组成特征,并利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型对环境空气受体进行了来源解析。结果表明:PM_(2.5)浓度呈现出盛泉工业园点位[(68.9±30.5)μg/m~3]福山环保局点位[(64.5±25.5)μg/m~3]百盛商城点位[(58.8±19.2)μg/m~3]的空间分布特征。水溶性离子、碳组分(OC和EC)和地壳类元素表现出不同的分布特征,与各点位所代表的不同功能区有关。形成机制上,NO~-_3在福山环保局点位主要以NH_4NO_3形式存在,而在盛泉工业园点位存在一定的Ca(NO_3)_2形式占比。源解析结果显示,3个点位均受到海盐源的影响,福山环保局点位二次颗粒物污染最为严重(43.9%),盛泉工业园点位燃煤源贡献突出(16.4%)。     

基于供需匹配模型的秦巴山区人地关系均衡状态及空间管控研究

通过构建供需匹配模型对秦巴山区人地关系均衡状态进行定量研究,采用OLS最小二乘法和GWR地理加权法对空间供给能力和空间需求强度间的作用关系和影响机制进行了分析,在此基础上提出针对性、差异化的空间管控模式。结果表明:(1)秦巴山区存在明显的供需空间错位,供给能力中部高、外围低,中部高值区的区县供给指数多处于0.72～1.16之间,外围区县供给指数多小于0.6;需求强度则与供给能力基本相反,中部区县需求强度均小于0.14,外围和东部区域需求强度普遍较高,最高值主要位于秦岭北麓、东麓和汉江中游的区县;这种供需错位源于复杂地形阻隔下的空间资源配置失效。(2)人-地供需两端相互作用,作用程度在地形影响下存在明显空间分异。(3)人地关系均衡指数总体较低,且分布极不平衡,呈现明显的"中部低、外围高"特征,低效均衡、协调均衡与空间失衡的区县数量比约为11∶3∶2。(4)可将研究区分为发展严控区、发展提升区、发展优化区和发展疏解区四大管控分区,针对均衡状态制定人地调控对策。     

Vegetative Ecological Characteristics of Restored Reed (Phragmites australis) Wetlands in the Yellow River Delta, China

In this study, we compared ecological characteristics of wetland vegetation in a series of restoration projects that were carried out in the wetlands of Yellow River Delta. The investigated characteristics include plant composition structure, species diversity and community similarity in three kinds of Phragmites australis wetlands, i.e. restored P. australis wetlands (R1, R2, R3 and R4: restored in 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2009, respectively), natural P. australis wetland (N) and degraded P. australis wetland (D) to assess the process of wetlands restoration. The coverage of the R1 was 99%, which was similar to natural wetland. Among all studied wetlands, the highest and lowest stem density was observed in R1 and R2, respectively, Plant height and stem diameter show the same trend as N > R2 > R1 > R3 > D > R4. Species diversity of restored P. australis wetlands became closed to natural wetland. Both species richness and Shannon–Wiener index had similar tendency: increased first and then decreased with restored time. The highest species richness and species diversity were observed in R2, while the lowest values of those parameters were found in natural P. australis wetland. Similarity indexes between restored wetlands and natural wetland increased with the restoration time, but they were still less than 50%. The results indicate that the vegetation of P. australis wetlands has experienced a great improvement after several years’ restoration, and it is feasible to restored degraded P. australis wetlands by pouring fresh water into those wetlands in the Yellow River Delta. However, it is notable that costal degraded P. australis wetland in this region may take years to decades to reach the status of natural wetland.     

The distribution of radon in tunnels with different geological characteristics in China

In China, as the economy is developing and the population is expanding, some underground buildings have been used as supermarkets, restaurants and entertainment places. Tunnels in mountains are one type of underground building, and the radon (²²²Rn) level in tunnels is an important issue. Radon levels in different type tunnels appear to differ, and relatively higher levels of ²²²Rn are associated with particular types of bedrock. The ²²²Rn levels in tunnels in five different geological characteristics were analyzed. Those built in granite had the highest ²²²Rn levels with a geometric mean (GM) of 280 Bq m⁻³, while those built in limestone (GM: 100 Bq m⁻³) and andesitic porphyry (GM: 96 Bq m⁻³) were lower. The sequence of ²²²Rn concentrations was: granite > tuff > quartz sandstone > limestone > andesitic porphyry, and the ²²²Rn in granite was statistically significantly higher than in limestone and andesitic porphyry. Tunnels built in granite, tuff, quartz sandstone, limestone tended to have higher ²²²Rn concentrations in summer than in winter, while the reverse tendency was true in andesitic porphyry tunnels. Only the difference in limestone was statistically significant.     

"移民-产业-环境"共生型流域规划方法研究——以金沙江中游为例

基于移民 产业 环境协调发展的内涵,引入共生理论,分析其在流域综合规划研究中的适用性。以金沙江中游优势产业与移民可持续发展规划为实证,建构了其应用分析框架：(1)建构了以系统论、共生理论和人本主义为哲学方法论,以共生型流域规划的科学思维、制定共生型流域规划的工作方法为科学层次基本方法,以共生型流域规划的基本思路、技术程序及其中关键步骤所采用的具体方法等为实践层次的具体方法的"移民 优势产业 环境"共生型流域规划的方法体系;(2)论证了共生理论应用分析的重点内容及其具体化方法,并阐述了共生型流域规划的基本特征和应用前景.