Carbon mitigation potential and costs of forestry options in Brazil,China, India,Indonesia, Mexico,the Philippines and Tanzania

This paper summarizes studies of carbon (C) mitigation potential and costs of about 40 forestry options in seven developing countries. Each study uses the same methodological approach – Comprehensive Mitigation Assessment Process (COMAP) – to estimate the above parameters between 2000 and 2030. The approach requires the projection of baseline and mitigation land-use scenarios. Coupled with data on a per ha basis on C sequestration or avoidance, and costs and benefits, it allows the estimation of monetary benefit per Mg C, and the total costs and carbon potential. The results show that about half (3.0 Pg C) the cumulative mitigation potential of 6.2 Petagram (Pg) C between 2000 and 2030 in the seven countries (about 200× 10⁶ Mg C yr^-1) could be achieved at a negative cost and the remainder at costs ranging up to $100 Mg C^-1. About 5 Pg C could be achieved, at a cost less than $20 per Mg C. Negative cost potential indicates that non-carbon revenue is sufficient to offset direct costs of these options. The achievable potential is likely to be smaller, however, due to market, institutional, and sociocultural barriers that can delay or prevent the implementation of the analyzed options.     

基于多目标遗传算法的层级生态节点识别与优化——以常州市金坛区为例

有效生态网络构建可保障区域生态安全,是实现区域可持续发展的重要路径。基于生态节点的内涵解析,建立了“资源型战略点-结构型战略点-结构型薄弱点”的多层级生态节点识别体系,利用金坛区2015年的遥感影像、土地利用数据、POI数据等,通过多目标遗传算法、最小阻力模型等方法,构建了金坛区层级生态网络,并采用表征网络拓扑结构和节点效用性等指标,定量评价生态节点优化前后的生态网络性能,取得以下主要研究结论：（1）多层级生态网络在节点效用、网络整体性能上显著优于一般网络,且在复杂生态水网区域具有较强适用性;（2）金坛区现状生态网络分布不均匀,生态节点布局亟待优化,经优化节点覆盖率提升了17.70%,节点分布均匀度降低45.45%,平均聚类系数提升了87.36%;（3）多层级生态节点体系具有实践应用性,应针对不同类型生态节点采取差别化管理策略。