The Northridge Earthquake: Community-based Approaches to Unmet Recovery Needs

The 1994 Northridge, California earthquake has proven to be one of the most costly disasters in United States history. Federal and state assistance programmes received some 681,000 applications from victims for various forms of relief. In spite of the flow of US$11 billion in federal assistance into Los Angeles and Ventura counties, many victims have failed to obtain adequate relief. These unmet needs relate to the vulnerability of particular class and ethnic groups. In response to unmet needs, a number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have become involved in the recovery process. This paper, based on evidence collected from hundreds of in-depth interviews with the people involved, examines the activities of several community-based organisations (CBOs) and other NGOs as they have attempted to assist vulnerable people with unmet post-disaster needs. We discuss two small ethnically diverse communities in Ventura County, on the periphery of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The earthquake and resultant disaster declaration provided an opportunity for local government and NGOs to acquire federal resources not normally available for economic development. At the same time the earthquake created political openings in which longer-term issues of community development could be addressed by various local stakeholders. A key issue in recovery has been the availability of affordable housing for those on low incomes, particularly Latinos, the elderly and farm workers. We discuss the successes and limitations of CBOs and NGOs as mechanisms for dealing with vulnerable populations, unmet needs and recovery issues in the two communities.     

含砷废渣的固化处理

为了处理有色金属冶炼厂产生的含砷废渣（简称砷渣）,以水泥、粉煤灰、矿渣、黄砂等作为固化材料对砷渣进行了固化研究。确定了砷渣固化的最佳工艺条件：w（砷渣）：50％、w（水泥）=15％、w（粉煤灰）：20％、w（矿渣）=10％、w（黄砂）=5％;砷渣、粉煤灰预先混合球磨10min,加水搅拌后陈化4h,烘干后与水泥、矿渣一起球磨20min,再与水（水与混合物料的质量比为0．175）、添加剂（质量分数为0．05％的添加剂B）及黄砂一起在搅拌机中搅拌6min,然后加压成型,成型后的固化体先放入24℃水泥砼试体养护箱养护14d,然后取出在室温下自然养护14d,养护时间共28d。扫描电子显微镜分析结果显示,砷渣固化体的胶凝状态良好。测试结果表明,砷渣固化体7d抗压强度为8．13MPa,28d抗压强度为14．20 MPa;As的浸出浓度为0．07mg／L,Hg的浸出浓度为0．008mg／L。砷渣固化体的性能达到了国家建材行业标准（JC239-2001《粉煤灰砖》）和危险废物鉴别标准（GB5085．3～1996《危险废物答别标准——浸出毒性答别》）的要求。     

活性滤坝对城市内河中氮磷的削减效果

城市内河氮磷严重超标是当前水污染治理的重要难题。针对内河具有旱季水位低、水流速度慢、自净能力差等特点,提出采用活性滤坝削减氮磷,以铝基锁磷剂和沸石为活性滤坝基质滤料,实验室静态和动态实验研究了活性滤坝削减氮磷效果,讨论了基质滤料组合方式对削减氮磷效果影响,同时采用曲线方程拟合分析方法预测了活性滤坝吸附氮磷有效使用时间。静态实验结果表明,在控制进水氨氮15 mg·L⁻¹和正磷酸盐5 mg·L⁻¹情况下,实验历时20 d,活性滤坝对氨氮和正磷酸盐削减率分别为98.02%和100%,混合滤坝组削减氮磷效果最佳;动态实验结果表明,控制水中氨氮和正磷酸盐为8~15 mg·L⁻¹和2.5~5 mg·L⁻¹,流速为8.33 cm·h ⁻¹,实验历时37 d,完成氮和磷循环分别为11次和16次,拟合曲线方程预测混合滤坝组削减氨氮和正磷酸盐的有效使用时间分别为282 d和479 d。以上研究结果可为城市内河道修复提供技术参考。     

矿渣制备的无机复合絮凝剂在城市污水深度除磷中的应用

以制铝矿渣及铝土矿制备的无机复合絮凝剂进行污水深度除磷研究。在模拟废水条件下,确定了自制絮凝剂除磷的最佳pH为8、最佳投加量0.08 g/L及最佳水力条件(快速搅拌30 s、转速200 r/min;慢速搅拌15 min、转速20 r/min);然后将其用于处理生活污水站二级出水,TP、TN、COD、NH3-N和浊度去除率分别为94.69%、62.78%、78.93%、47.94%和89.30%,优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准,自制絮凝剂除磷效果优于常用市售絮凝剂PAC(TP去除率91.73%);自制絮凝剂的除磷机理主要以沉淀和电性中和作用为主,以吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用为辅。     

三峡库区棺木岭危岩体涌浪风险防控研究∗

三峡库区棺木岭危岩体基座岩体强烈劣化,稳定性持续下降,潜在涌浪灾害严重威胁九畹溪漂流景区和长江航道的安全。本文围绕棺木岭危岩体涌浪风险防控问题,开展了基于流固耦合数值模拟的危岩体涌浪危险性评估和涉水危岩体防治设计,研究表明：在景区旺季的 145 m 水位工况下,棺木岭危岩体失稳可能产生的涌浪最大高度约为 19.2 m,在对岸九畹溪旅游码头最大爬坡高度约 15.1 m,长江干流最大涌浪爬高约 1.6 m,严重威胁约 15 km 的九畹溪航道和长江航道安全。针对危岩体处于偏心受压状态和消落区基座岩体劣化情况,对其下部凹腔进行“模袋砼围堰+岩腔填充”的工程防治设计,使得棺木岭危岩体稳定性系数从 1.3 提升至 2.6。本次研究直接指导了棺木岭危岩体防治工程,可为库区其他涉水危岩体涌浪风险防控提供借鉴。     

福州盆地钻孔沉积物记录的MIS3以来海侵—海退过程

通过对福州盆地首山路ZKCS钻孔岩芯的AMS 14C及光释光(OSL)年代测试、岩性特征、黏土浑浊水电导率值和地球化学元素测定、粒度分析以及硅藻鉴定,对钻孔沉积物的沉积环境进行分析,并与ZK004钻孔结果进行对比,结合全球古气候及区域构造记录,确认首山路ZKCS钻孔记录了两次完整的海侵—海退旋回,第一次海侵结束时间约50 ka,第二次海侵发生在全新世期间.两次海侵发生的主要原因不同,第一次海侵发生在MIS3早期,对应于前人命名的"福州海侵",主要原因是区域构造下沉,加之此时古气候变暖引发海面上升;之后由于盆地内部的不均匀沉降,再次发生抬升,导致ZKCS钻孔记录的海侵较早结束、海侵层埋深较浅;全新世海侵即前人命名的"长乐海进",强度比前一期强,为冰后期全球气候变暖和海面上升共同作用的结果,其次可能还伴随着盆地的下陷.     

Aquatic biodiversity and the electric utility industry

Results from a 1995 survey of utility company biologists indicate that aquatic biodiversity is an emerging and poorly understood issue. As a result, there is some confusion about what aquatic biodiversity actually is, and how we can best conserve it. Only one fourth (24%) of the respondents said their company has a stated environmental policy that addresses biodiversity. Many respondents indicate that over the years they have not specifically managed for biodiversity, but have been doing that through their efforts to assure balanced indigenous populations. While regulations are still the major driver for biological work, an increasing number of companies are involved in voluntary partnerships in managing water resources. Of these voluntary partnerships, 70% have biodiversity as a goal. Biodiversity is becoming an increasingly common subject of study, and a vast majority (75%) of the respondents suggested it should be a goal for utility resource management. Conservation of aquatic biodiversity is a complex task, and to date most aquatic efforts have been directed toward fish and macroinvertebrates. Ecological research and technological development performed by the utility industry have resulted in a number of successful biopreservation and biorestoration success stories. A common theme to preserving or enhancing aquatic biodiversity is preserving aquatic habitat. Increasingly, ecosystem management is touted as the most likely approach to achieve success in preserving aquatic biodiversity. Several utilities are conducting progressive work in implementing ecosystem management. This paper presents the potential interactions between power plants and biodiversity, an overview of aquatic biodiversity preservation efforts within the electric utility industry, more detail on the results of the survey, and recent initiatives in ecosystem management.     

Aquatic biodiversity and the electric utility industry

/ Results from a 1995 survey of utility company biologists indicate that aquatic biodiversity is an emerging and poorly understood issue. As a result, there is some confusion about what aquatic biodiversity actually is, and how we can best conserve it. Only one fourth (24%) of the respondents said their company has a stated environmental policy that addresses biodiversity. Many respondents indicate that over the years they have not specifically managed for biodiversity, but have been doing that through their efforts to assure balanced indigenous populations. While regulations are still the major driver for biological work, an increasing number of companies are involved in voluntary partnerships in managing water resources. Of these voluntary partnerships, 70% have biodiversity as a goal. Biodiversity is becoming an increasingly common subject of study, and a vast majority (75%) of the respondents suggested it should be a goal for utility resource management. Conservation of aquatic biodiversity is a complex task, and to date most aquatic efforts have been directed toward fish and macroinvertebrates. Ecological research and technological development performed by the utility industry have resulted in a number of successful biopreservation and biorestoration success stories. A common theme to preserving or enhancing aquatic biodiversity is preserving aquatic habitat. Increasingly, ecosystem management is touted as the most likely approach to achieve success in preserving aquatic biodiversity. Several utilities are conducting progressive work in implementing ecosystem management. This paper presents the potential interactions between power plants and biodiversity, an overview of aquatic biodiversity preservation efforts within the electric utility industry, more detail on the results of the survey, and recent initiatives in ecosystem management.KEY WORDS: Biodiversity; Ecosystem management; Watershed management; Utilities; Aquatic; Adaptive management     

镧改性钢渣对水中氟离子的吸附性能

为有效去除铁路隧道开挖过程中涌出的地下水中的氟离子,避免对当地环境和居民身体健康造成危害,利用镧改性钢渣得到一种除氟材料,通过扫描电镜、比表面积测定、能量散射光谱、X射线衍射及傅里叶红外光谱等方法对材料进行表征。此外,结合吸附热力学和吸附动力学模型拟合,探究了改性钢渣对水中氟离子的吸附机理。结果表明：改性钢渣的比表面积由未改性的0.549 9 m²·g⁻¹增大到23.367 5 m²·g⁻¹,小粒径的钢渣比例增大且表面粗糙程度增强。能谱分析表明通过改性,可成功的将镧负载于钢渣表面。吸附拟合模型表明,钢渣对氟离子的吸附遵循Langmuir模型,说明钢渣对氟离子的吸附更接近于单层吸附,且主要为化学吸附。热力学参数表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(∆G⁰)>0,焓变(∆H⁰)和熵变(∆S⁰)<0,表明该反应是放热过程,改性钢渣的除氟过程符合伪二级动力学过程。改性钢渣有望成为一种具有应用前景的除氟材料。     

从工业废液中回收镍钴合成锂离子电池正极材料LiNixCo1-xO2

探索了从废液中回收镍钻在空气气氛下合成锂离子电池正极材料LiNixCo1-xO2的方法和工艺。结果表明,合成材料的充放电性能都比较好,LiNo0.3Co0.7O2在600℃6h→750℃16h时制得的产物初始充电容量达到154．938mAh/g,接近用分析纯的镍钴原料合成的正极材料LiNi0.3Co0.7O2的首次充电容量（156．146mAh/g）。采用镍钴废液合成锂离子电池正极材料,化害为利,经济可行。