Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) according to day of the week, specific roads (urban/rural), daytime or nighttime, and vehicle category. In addition, this study examines how the prohibition of selling alcoholic drinks in shops and supermarkets (not in restaurants) after 10 p.m. has affected the prevalence of DUI.
Method: Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) was collected from all drivers through police checkpoints at 54 locations in Serbia. In this study, 17,945 drivers were tested in urban areas and 19,507 in rural areas. The relationship between DUI during the prohibition on alcohol sales in Belgrade and other large cities in Serbia was determined using logistic regression.
Results: On average, every 100th driver in traffic in Serbia was DUI (0.99%). This study shows that the 0 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for motorcyclists does not have an influence on DUI. Moreover, motorcyclists represent the category with the highest share of DUI, with a statistically significantly larger difference compared to drivers of other vehicle categories. These results may be a consequence of the fact that a large number of drivers drive both motorcycles and other vehicle categories (cars or mopeds), so the different BAC limits for nonprofessional drivers may create confusion about the legal BAC limit.
Conclusions: This study suggests that the required legal BAC limit for nonprofessional drivers should be the same. The prohibition of selling alcoholic drinks in Belgrade after 10 p.m. does not decrease the prevalence of DUI. 相似文献
In the domain of environmental protection, multi-criteria evaluation is used in cases where multiple alternatives, on the
bases of multiple parameters, need to be evaluated. Depending on the particular goal of investigation, various approaches
have been developed and applied. This various multi-criteria approaches differ in parameter weighting method, in data normalization
method as well as in the method for assessment of alternatives. According to the applied multi-criteria methodology, the result,
i.e., the rank of alternatives may differ to some extent. In this context, parameter weighting bears special significance
in multi-criteria evaluation, while the choice of method is crucial for final result. The specificity of parameter weighting
process in environment protection is directly related to pronounced interdisciplinary character of this area, as well as the
large number of influential parameters. With this in mind, this paper presents an approach to multi-criteria evaluation which—through
integration of three specific methods for parameter weighting—allows more flexible and multi-purpose application. Based on
the established concept, a software application was developed. Besides automated parameter weighting, it also provides graphical
interpretation of results. The developed approach and software have been verified on the case study related to evaluation
of environmental loadings at six locations in the city of Novi Sad. 相似文献
Plant communities on plots with different metal pollution levels were compared in a field study in order to select the most suitable plant species for the direction of secondary succession toward the targeted grassland vegetation. The vegetational succession showed a gradual increase in plant cover and the number of plant species on the less polluted locations. Two predominant grass species Calamagrostis varia and Sesleria caerulea were selected for phytostabilisation, but a severely reduced seed germination capacity obstructed their use in practice. The mycorrhizal succession showed a gradual replacement of non-mycorrhizal with mycorrhizal plant species. Similar levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of a particular plant species may be developed within each growing season regardless of the levels of pollution, with the exception of vesicle/intraradical spore formation. The results suggest that lower overall mycorrhizal colonisation levels and increased vesicle/spore formation may be a part of a mycorrhizal strategy at the most polluted locations. 相似文献
We compared the frequency with which 85 Australian organizations espoused nine values (authority, leadership, teamwork, commitment, rewards, normative, participation, performance and affiliation) in 1986–1988 and 1989–1990 through a content analysis of annual reports, internal magazines, and mission statements. We studied value changes both by comparing the frequency of references to single values in the two periods and the frequency with which four, distinctly different values structures (Elite, Leadership, Meritocratic, and Collegial) occurred among organizations in each period. Univariate comparisons over the whole sample revealed only one significant difference—an increase in Commitment references over time. Comparisons based on groups of organizations with different value structures indicated both a preponderance of organizations with Elite values at time one, and that initially Elite organizations showed most evidence of value change. The findings are discussed in terms of the way univariate comparisons of mean shifts in values can mask the presence of significant differences in patterns of value change between organizations, and the utility of content analysis for measuring organizational values unobtrusively. Possible explanations for some of the changes observed are considered. 相似文献
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Current management for drinking water treatment sludge and glass waste is insufficient, and a new method is needed. We sought to develop a new... 相似文献
The Rybinsk Reservoir (Russia) is the largest artificial waterbody in Europe (4550 km2) and provides drinking water for population of the cities located along the coast line. Industrialization in Cherepovets at the northeastern portion of the reservoir, including one of the largest metallurgical facilities in Europe, has resulted in chemical contamination of the reservoir. The extent of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contamination in bream liver, a common fish species, taken from six locations in the Rybinsk Reservoir and Volga River, and biochemical and morphometric biomarkers of fish health were investigated. Liver PCB concentrations ranged from non-detected to 3.4 microg/g wet wt of liver, with the greatest concentrations found in fish taken near the industrialized area in Sheksna Reach of Rybinsk Reservoir. The source of the bream contamination is the PCB pollution of bottom organisms and sediments conditioned with industrialization facilities of Cherepovets. The patterns of the PCB congeners in the livers of bream taken near Cherepovets were similar at all of the stations that were sampled around the reservoir and Volga River. Among the common fish health biomarkers used only liver total ChE activity and liver-somatic index in bream near Cherepovets can reflect environmental pollution. Other morphometric (FCF, Clark's condition factors, and spleen-somatic index) and biochemical (protein content and acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain) biomarkers related with fish health varied among locations, but were not correlated to the concentrations of PCBs in the bream livers. 相似文献
The effects of noise on neuronal dynamical systems are of much current interest. Here, we investigate noise-induced changes
in the rhythmic firing activity of single Hodgkin–Huxley neurons. With additive input current, there is, in the absence of
noise, a critical mean value μ = μc above which sustained periodic firing occurs. With initial conditions as resting values, for a range of values of the mean
μ near the critical value, we have found that the firing rate is greatly reduced by noise, even of quite small amplitudes.
Furthermore, the firing rate may undergo a pronounced minimum as the noise increases. This behavior has the opposite character
to stochastic resonance and coherence resonance. We found that these phenomena occurred even when the initial conditions were
chosen randomly or when the noise was switched on at a random time, indicating the robustness of the results. We also examined
the effects of conductance-based noise on Hodgkin–Huxley neurons and obtained similar results, leading to the conclusion that
the phenomena occur across a wide range of neuronal dynamical systems. Further, these phenomena will occur in diverse applications
where a stable limit cycle coexists with a stable focus. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The air quality monitoring in Rijeka started in the early 1970s and has been oriented to air pollution caused by the big industrial sources (new... 相似文献
Due to the important role that the agricultural sector plays in sustaining growth and reducing poverty in developing countries, the adoption of practices that have the potential to simultaneously improve agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impacts is essential. This paper examines the determinants of farmers’ perceptions of climate change and subsequent adoption of sustainable land management practices in the Niger basin of Benin. Binary and multivariate probit models are applied in a two‐stage regression procedure to cross‐sectional data collected through a survey of 545 randomly selected farm households in 28 villages. The findings indicate that there are substitutabilities among three pairs of sustainable land management practices being used by the farmers. Climate change perception is positively related to land tenure, experience in farming, number of relatives, tractor use, and membership in farmers’ organizations, and negatively related to household size, remoteness, and plough use. Moreover, the findings reveal that the uptake of land management practices is related to assets, land tenure, education level of the household head, remoteness, social network, non‐irrigated land size, having a farm located near a river/lake/stream, tractor and plough use, being a subsistence farmer or not, and memberships in farmers’ organizations. The adoption of sustainable land management practices could be encouraged through improving access to markets, adequate roads, and technologies, as well as by promoting membership in farmers’ organizations. 相似文献