微生物燃料电池处理含硫废水的研究进展

随着工业的快速发展及化石能源的大量消耗,迫切地需要寻找一种可持续发展的绿色节能技术来替代不可再生能源.微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)以其处理难降解废水的同时产生电能的优势引起了人们的广泛关注,成为近几年的研究热点,而含硫废水一直以来是废水处理的难点.本文回顾了MFC生物除硫的发展历程,...     

光辐照TiO2层柱粘土处理有机废水的研究

主要介绍了TiO2层柱粘土的制备方法,及用光辐照TiO2层柱粘土处理有机废水的机理、影响因素和提高TiO2层柱粘土光催化剂活性的途径;介绍了TiO2层柱粘土光催化剂的失活和再生.认为用光辐照TiO2层柱粘土处理有机废水是一种无污染而有效的方法,能有效解决目前废水处理过程中存在的许多问题.     

生物膜法净化甲苯二甲苯混合废气的研究

在生物滴滤器中对低质量浓度甲苯、二甲苯混合废气的净化性能进行试验研究。结果表明:甲苯、二甲苯的净化率均随入口浓度增加而降低,同样条件下二甲苯净化率明显低于甲苯;单负荷进气且气体流量为200L/h时,甲苯最大生化降解量为79.5g/(m3.h),二甲苯最大生化降解量为47.5g/(m3.h);多负荷进气由于竞争抑制作用导致两者净化程度均有所降低。维持甲苯、二甲苯质量浓度不变,两种废气的净化率η均随气量的增加而减少;在气量为260L/h时,两种化合物生化降解量均达到最大值,适宜停留时间为119s。     

Sources and the distribution of heavy metals in the particle size of soil polluted by gold mining upstream of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing: implications for assessing the potential risks

Mining has been carried out upstream of Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, for several decades, and has caused metal emissions to the environment, threatening human health. We conducted a soil survey to assess metal contamination in this area and to determine distribution of heavy metals in the particle size. We attempted to determine the possible sources of the metals and the significance of metals in the fine particle fractions to soil risk assessments. Thirty-four soil samples were collected, and eight samples were partitioned into seven size fractions. Most of the metal concentrations in the soils were higher than the background levels in Beijing, and the metal concentrations and total organic matter (TOC) contents generally increased as the particle size decreased. Each metal except Hg significantly positively correlated with the TOC. The metals in the coarse-grained soils were mainly derived from parent materials, but the metals in the fine fractions were mostly anthropogenic. Statistical analyses showed that there were three metal sources: Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn had anthropogenic sources; Co, Cr, Ni, and V had mixed anthropogenic and natural sources; and As and Be had natural sources. The trace metals were primarily in the clay and fine silt fractions, and they might pose health risks through the inhalation of resuspended soil particles (PM10 and PM2.5). The elevated accumulation factors, enrichment factors, and ecological risk indices for the metals in the fine fractions suggest that risk assessments should be based on the fine particle size.     

南通市开发区化工企业水环境污染源指纹图谱的构建与应用

以南通市开发区化工集中区为应用实施地,不同化工厂不同时间的污染物为研究对象,在GC-MS分析的基础下,联合GIS系统,建立指纹图谱数据库,探索以指纹图谱-GIS联用技术来锁定污染源的方法。结果表明,通过GC-MS初步分析和指纹特征峰的匹配,可快速缩小污染排查范围,为环境监督或污染事故的排查提供一定的技术支持。     

大气污染与儿童肺功能的典型相关分析

在 1 994～ 1 996年间 ,对污染点和对照点 (相对清洁点 )同时进行了大气污染 (气溶胶 ,二氧化硫等 )和儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 ,FEF2 5～ 75 等 )的测定。对它们之间的关系进行了典型相关分析 ,其结果是肺功能指标和大气污染物呈负相关。统计分析提示污染点与对照点儿童肺功能的差别主要是由于大气污染 (气溶胶 )造成的 ,特别是 PM2 .5 的细粒子造成的。     

重庆大气污染与儿童肺功能横截面研究

1995年 ,在重庆市城区及远郊区进行了儿童家庭问卷调查、气溶胶 (PM1 0 、PM2 .5 )及 SO2 的测试 ,并在两个点 (城区华新小学 ,远郊北碚红岩小学 )进行二次儿童肺功能的测定。通过城区和郊区 3 53 6例 (其中男性 1 74 4例 ,女性 1 792例 )儿童肺功能数据的比较 ,说明重庆大气污染 ,特别是气溶胶的污染已影响到儿童肺功能。与美国比较 ,重庆儿童较美国的儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 )要低 9%～ 1 4 %。同时得到青春前期 (7～ 1 4岁 )儿童肺功能 (FVC,FEV1 )的参考值的计算公式     

Distributions, sources, and ecological risks of DDT-related contaminants in water, suspended particulate matter, and sediments from Haihe Plain, Northern China

The residual levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDXs, including p,p′-DDT, DDD, and DDE) in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediments from major rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in Haihe Plain were measured with a gas chromatograph equipped with a ⁶³Ni microelectron capture detector. In the fall of 2004, the contents of the total DDXs in the water and SPM were 0.29?±?0.69 ng L^?1 and 423.13?±?577.85 ng g^?1 dry wt., respectively. In the spring of 2005, the total DDXs were 0.36?±?0.91 ng L^?1 for water and 35.93?±?62.65 ng g^?1 dry wt. for SPM. The average concentration of DDXs for sediments was 7.10?±?7.57 ng g^?1 dry wt. during the two seasons. The Eastern-Hebei-Province Coastland River System was the most polluted, which was mainly attributable to the extensive use of DDT pesticide and dicofol in that system. Recent DDT inputs still occur in some regions, as indicated by DDT/(DDD + DDE) > 1 at 29–36 % of the sites for water and 55–61 % of the sites for SPM. The potential ecological risks of DDT in the water were assessed using a species sensitivity distribution model. Only shrimp and crabs were found to have potentially affected fraction values of 1.63?×?10^?3 to 2.27?×?10^?4, with probabilities beyond the hazardous concentration for 5 % of species (HC5) values of 1.90–2.56 %, suggesting only slight risks. DDXs in the sediments of some sites were also of potential risk to benthic organism based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines.     

Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in sediments of the Xiangjiang River, south-central China

The Xiangjiang River (XR), the second largest tributary of the Yangtze River, is mainly located in Hunan province in south-central China. Nineteen surface sediment samples (the top 3-cm layer) collected from XR were analyzed to determine the concentrations, distribution, sources, and ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations of OCPs were 3.0–29.8 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean of 12.6?±?7.7 ng/g. The widely detected compounds included HCHs, DDTs, HCB, and dieldrin. Overall, the dominant OCPs in the sediments were mainly composed of residual and degradation products, e.g., β-HCH with a mean of 42.2 % in HCHs and p,p′-DDE with a mean of 43.5 % in DDTs, implying that OCPs in the sediments had suffered from long-term aging without fresh inputs in XR. However, there was a high proportion of p,p′-DDT to DDTs in three sites, suggesting that there was use of technical DDT from their surrounding areas at present. The ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH and p,p′-DDD?+?p,p′-DDE/DDTs increase from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of XR, suggesting sediments enriched with α-HCH and metabolites DDD and DDE during sediment transport process and could be attributed to the transformation of γ-HCH to α-HCH and DDT to DDE or DDD. The assessment of the ecological risk indicates that the OCPs in the sediments of XR have a moderate adverse biological effect on organisms.     

Spatial, temporal, and speciation variations of heavy metals in sediments of Nan'ao Island, a representative mariculture base in Guangdong coast, China

Heavy metals in sediments from Baisha Bay, Nan'ao Island, one of Guangdong Province's largest mariculture bases in Southern China, were investigated. The results display that the concentrations of 6 heavy metals from surface sediments were 0.040-0.220 (Cd), 24.22-39.61 (Pb), 25.30-42.66 (Cr), 10.83-19.54 (Ni), 15.06-39.24 (Cu) and 55.12-141.73 mg kg(-1) (Zn), respectively. The highest concentrations and the greatest increasing rates of heavy metals were found in a sediment core in a fish cage culture area due to receiving sewage discharge, uneaten fish bait, and boat gasoline combustion. Cd was preferentially associated with the acid-soluble fraction and Pb mainly with the reducible fraction in surface sediments. Meanwhile, Cd and Pb displayed greatest labile fractions, indicating anthropogenic origin. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed three groupings (Cd; Cr, Ni and Cu; Pb and Zn) that mainly result from different distributions of the metals in the various fractions. The ecological risk of the polluted sediments stemmed mainly from Cd, and from Pb and Cu to a lesser degree. It is suggested that the density of fish-stocking be controlled, periodic movement of rafts (cages) be introduced, and the total numbers of net-cages and human activities in the mariculture zones be restricted. in order to facilitate the recovery of the polluted sediment.