Air quality measurements from the Fresno Supersite

The Fresno Supersite intends to 1) evaluate non-routine monitoring methods, establishing their comparability with existing methods and their applicability to air quality planning, exposure assessment, and health effects studies; 2) provide a better understanding of aerosol characteristics, behavior, and sources to assist regulatory agencies in developing standards and strategies that protect public health; and 3) support studies that evaluate relationships between aerosol properties, co-factors, and observed health end-points. Supersite observables include in-situ, continuous, short-duration measurements of 1) PM2.5, PM10, and coarse (PM10 minus PM2.5) mass; 2) PM2.5 SO4(-2), NO3-, carbon, light absorption, and light extinction; 3) numbers of particles in discrete size bins ranging from 0.01 to approximately 10 microns; 4) criteria pollutant gases (O3, CO, NOx); 5) reactive gases (NO2, NOy, HNO3, peroxyacetyl nitrate [PAN], NH3); and 6) single particle characterization by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Field sampling and laboratory analysis are applied for gaseous and particulate organic compounds (light hydrocarbons, heavy hydrocarbons, carbonyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAH], and other semi-volatiles), and PM2.5 mass, elements, ions, and carbon. Observables common to other Supersites are 1) daily PM2.5 24-hr average mass with Federal Reference Method (FRM) samplers; 2) continuous hourly and 5-min average PM2.5 and PM10 mass with beta attenuation monitors (BAM) and tapered element oscillating microbalances (TEOM); 3) PM2.5 chemical speciation with a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) speciation monitor and protocol; 4) coarse particle mass by dichotomous sampler and difference between PM10 and PM2.5 BAM and TEOM measurements; 5) coarse particle chemical composition; and 6) high sensitivity and time resolution scalar and vector wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, and solar radiation. The Fresno Supersite is coordinated with health and toxicological studies that will use these data in establishing relationships with asthma, other respiratory disease, and cardiovascular changes in human and animal subjects.     

Evidence of a maternal foraging cycle resembling that of otariid seals in a small phocid,the harbor seal

Summary Lactation strategies in the two largest families of seals have been characterized as a phylogenetic dichotomy, with sea lions and fur seals (Otariidae) exhibiting foraging cycles and true seals (Phocidae) a strategy of fasting. We show that a lactating phocid, the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina, has a foraging cycle similar to that of otariids. Time-depth recorders attached to lactating harbor seal mothers revealed that 9 of 11 females began bouts of diving, averaging 12–40 m, by mid-lactation (12 days). During the remainder of lactation, females made an average of seven diving trips, lasting about 7 h. They returned to the rookery during the interval between successive bouts to nurse their pups. Diving was more frequent during daylight than at night and diving bouts increased in duration as lactation progressed. The diving behavior of females that had weaned their pups and previously collected data from stomach lavage, suggest that the bouts of diving represent successful foraging. We propose that the lactation strategy of the harbor seal is intermediate to that of the otariids and other phocids studied. The harbor seal has a foraging cycle like the otariids, but typically resembles other phocids in length of lactation, rate of mass gain in pups, and in milk fat content. As harbor seals are among the smallest phocids, and only slightly larger than most otariids, it seems likely that maternal size constrains the amount of stored energy harbor seal females can bring to the rookery, forcing them to start feeding during the lactation period.Correspondence to: D.J. Boness     

旋流诱导介质振荡再生增强含油污水微通道分离

受微通道分离介质再生后截滤残留污染物影响,常规微通道分离效率持续衰减,成为抑制微通道分离广泛高效应用的关键瓶颈。通过开发旋流振荡再生单元,研究了旋流振荡再生强度和振荡再生结构对微通道分离装置过滤介质再生效率的影响,由此集成研发沸腾床分离器,考察了装置对实际含油污水的分离效率,并分析了微通道振荡再生对沸腾床分离的强化原理以及装置的分离经济性。结果表明,当再生强度为5.0 L·(s·m²)⁻¹时、再生15 min后采用轴向振荡再生结构,沸腾床分离器达到最佳再生工况。在最佳再生工况下开展10 m³·h⁻¹实际含油污水连续处理实验,针对油质量浓度为30~200 mg·L⁻¹、悬浮物质量浓度为25~200 mg·L⁻¹的来水,装置出水平均油分和悬浮物质量浓度分别降至11.4 mg·L⁻¹和23.5 mg·L⁻¹,并可在来水最高油质量浓度和悬浮物质量浓度接近50 000 mg·L⁻¹的冲击工况下,确保出水平均油分和悬浮物质量浓度降至15.9 mg·L⁻¹和29.8 mg·L⁻¹。利用沸腾床分离器再生结构中旋流诱导的过滤介质表界面污染物振荡运动,分离过程中截滤残留的油分和悬浮物等污染物被及时脱附,实现颗粒介质表界面彻底更新,确保装置长周期稳定运行。以200 m³·h⁻¹规模实际含油污水处理为例,沸腾床分离工艺相对涡凹气浮和溶气气浮的组合工艺,可完全取消化学絮凝药剂消耗且不产生化学浮渣,且具有显著的经济环保效益。     

双酚A在城市污水和污泥中的赋存与分析方法的研究进展

双酚A(BPA)作为典型的环境内分泌干扰物,由于其在环境中痕量浓度即可对生物产生内分泌干扰效应,因此受到了越来越广泛的关注。城市污水为BPA重要污染源,污水处理过程中部分BPA转移到污泥中,成为潜在的环境隐患。本文综述了双酚A在环境中的赋存情况以及相应的萃取技术、分析检测方法。此外,通过对比不同的回收率与检测下限,对几种常用的分析方法进行了比较,并展望了这一领域未来的研究发展趋势。     

塔里木天然气氮同位素组成与分布

利用制备气相色谱仪分离塔里木天然气中N2 并测定同位素比值 ,结果显示不同区域天然气氮的含量及其同位素比值不同 ,塔中、塔北与和田河地区天然气含氮量高 ,δ15N低 ,库车天然气则相反。结果还显示塔里木原油与天然气氮同位素比值具有可比性 ,表明同源油 气成因上的内在联系     

Climate change adaptation and mitigation: next steps for cross-sectoral action to protect global health

Effectively addressing the health risks of climate change necessitates an active crosssectoral approach because health risks arise predominantly via sectors such as water, agriculture and energy. Much has been written on climate change and its impact on health, but little attention has focused on the realpolitik of how to progress the development and implementation of health-relevant strategies and policies to reduce this impact. The objective of this paper is to propose three solutions to address current deficiencies: i) strengthening the capacity and understanding of health officials in relation to climate change and health; ii) improving cross-sectoral partnerships with sectors relevant to climate change and health, and iii) identifying organisations influential in the development of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and policies, with a view to better target advocacy efforts. Practical examples of each solution are provided. In conclusion, as a steward of public health, the health sector must take the initiative to encourage a cross-sectoral approach that includes capacity development, coupled with an understanding of influential organisations. If this is done effectively, health, social and economic development goals can be reached more efficiently.     

Realizing stable operation of anaerobic ammonia oxidation at low temperatures treating low strength synthetic wastewater

The low activity of Anammox bacteria at low temperatures and competition from nitrite oxidation bacteria(NOB) when treating low strength wastewater have been major bottlenecks in implementing Anammox in mainstream wastewater treatment. By intermittent high strength feeding(IHSF) and stepwise temperature reduction, stable operation of a granular Anammox reactor was realized at low temperatures(down to 15°C) for 28 days when treating low strength synthetic wastewater. The nitrogen loading rate reached 1.23–1.34 kgN/m~3/day,and the total nitrogen removal rate reached 0.71–0.98 kgN/m~3/day. The IHSF enriched the Anammox sludge in high strength cycles and compensated for sludge loss in low strength cycles, and the high concentration of ammonium in high strength cycles inhibited NOB. The 16 SrRNA gene sequencing results revealed that Candidatus Kuenenia was predominant in the reactor at low temperatures.     

抗生素生产废水的处理技术研究

介绍了抗生素制药废水的来源及成因。根据抗生素制药废水高浓度、难降解、可生化性差等特点,综述了近年国内外抗生素制药废水处理中应用各种物理、化学、生物处理技术处理的试验情况及进展。其中物理处理技术有:混凝、沉淀、气浮、吸附和膜过滤等,化学处理技术有:氯氧化、高铁酸盐氧化、铁碳微电解、高级氧化工艺等,生物处理技术有好氧处理法、厌氧处理法等。指出需根据当前形势从技术经济角度选用合适的组合工艺处理不同种类的抗生素制药废水,并提出展望。     

紫外诱变筛选高效氧化亚铁硫杆菌

为了取得高效氧化亚铁硫杆菌（T.f菌）,采用紫外线诱变处理,对照射1.5 min,3 min,5 min的菌株进行实验测试,结果表明,T.f3将Fe^2＋完全氧化由7 d缩短为5 d,并且在较低SO3^2-浓度范围内,Fe2＋浓度与SO3^2-的氧化速率呈正相关性,但当菌液浓度一定时,增加Fe2＋浓度,SO3^2-的氧化速率不会明显增加。     

中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约淘汰硫丹的社会经济影响

通过构建化学品风险管理SEA(社会经济影响分析)方法学,结合中国硫丹生产、使用及替代技术状况的调研,对中国履约淘汰硫丹的社会经济影响进行了分析. 结果表明:中国5 a淘汰情景下的总成本为5 007.2×104元,其中产业经济成本为4 852.2×104元,管理成本为155.0×104元,沉没成本约为651.0×104元;10 a淘汰情景下的总成本为2 748.5×104元,其中产业经济成本为2 507.6×104元,管理成本为240.9×104元,而沉没成本约为651.0×104元. 硫丹淘汰对现有硫丹原药生产企业会产生一定的经济及化工生产链影响,但总体经济影响不大. 对履约淘汰硫丹的主要利益攸关方、就业影响和消费者福利等因素的分析表明,除对硫丹长期集中使用的棉花种植者构成一定的短期影响外,中国履约淘汰硫丹产生的社会影响较小. 其中,5 a淘汰情景比10 a淘汰情景可减少约2 000 t硫丹环境排放量,具有更显著的环境和健康效益. 因而,建议中国采用5 a淘汰情景履约淘汰硫丹,研究成果可为国家硫丹履约行动计划的制订和实施提供参考.