环保型钻井液的研究应用现状及发展趋势

介绍与分析了现阶段国内外环保型钻井液及其处理剂的特点和研究现状。推荐了钻井液体系环保指标及毒性的评价方法。指出制约中国环保型钻井液技术开发的因素,对环保型钻井液技术研究的重点和发展趋势进行了分析。指出环保型钻井液的发展趋势,强调无毒性硅酸盐钻井液是今后研究的重点。     

流化床生活垃圾焚烧炉污染物排放监控管理

依据生活垃圾循环流化床燃烧热电厂竣工环保验收及例行环保监测数据,提出了影响生活垃圾焚烧过程特征污染物排放的主要因素是炉温和燃烧过程的喷钙与脱氯,建议增加炉温在线监测为生活垃圾焚烧污染物排放的管理措施,在例行监测项目中增加粉煤灰钙含量监测,保证生活垃圾的完全燃烧、较高脱氯效率,降低二噁英的产生与排放。     

Eutrophication in the Yunnan Plateau lakes: the influence of lake morphology, watershed land use, and socioeconomic factors

Introduction  

Lakes play an important role in socioeconomic development and ecological balance in China, but their water quality has deteriorated considerably in recent decades. In this study, we investigated the spatial–temporal variations of eutrophication parameters (secchi depth, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll-a, trophic level index, and trophic state index) and their relationships with lake morphology, watershed land use, and socioeconomic factors in the Yunnan Plateau lakes.     

Contrasting effects of black carbon amendments on PAH bioaccumulation by Chironomus plumosus larvae in two distinct sediments: role of water absorption and particle ingestion

Two sediment matrices with different characteristics were amended with chars from different sources for bioaccumulation assay with filter-feeding Chironomus plumosus larvae. Chars greatly decreased porewater concentrations of PAHs (C_iw) measured using polyethylene devices in sediments. In organic rich sediment matrix-based systems where suspended char particles were absent, PAH concentrations in larvae (C_iB) were significantly correlated with C_iw, and there was no difference in water-based bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) between different treatments, suggesting that water absorption was the main contaminant uptake route for larvae. In organic poor sediment matrix-based systems where suspended char particles were present, poor Pearson correlation between C_iB and C_iw was found, but there was a significant linear increase of BAF values with char contents, which indicated that ingestion of suspended char particles could also be important for PAH bioaccumulation. Therefore, we need to rethink of the effectiveness and risks for the application of black carbon to sediment/soil remediation.     

煤流化床气化的床内脱硫研究

在φ１００ｍｍ加压流化床气化装置上,进行了义马、大同、夏庄和南定４种煤及２种钙基脱硫剂的床内脱硫试验。结果表明,所选石灰石和白云做为床内脱硫剂是可行的,脱硫率随Ｃａ／Ｓ摩尔比增加而提高,比为３达最大值。操作压力对脱硫率的影响与床层温度和ＣＯ２分压是有关,反应处于脱硫剂煅烧不受压力影响,在非煅烧区脱硫率随压力而降低。原煤中全硫增加脱硫效率提高。本试验范围所得脱硫率５０－８５％。     

开阳磷矿10种木本植物叶片重金属富集特征

植物对重金属具有一定的吸附能力,植物修复是生态修复不可或缺的一部分,利用植物减缓和治理重金属污染具有重要意义.选取开阳磷矿马路坪矿区生命周期较长的木本植物及其土壤作为研究对象,探究木本植物受Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As等5种重金属污染土壤的效应,对植物重金属含量及其富集特性进行研究分析,筛选出累积重金属的植物,作为矿区...     

Gangba sheep in the Tibetan plateau: Validating their unique meat quality and grazing factor analysis

Gangba sheep are known for having typical sensory characteristics attributed to free range conditions and grazing on wild plants. The genuine Gangba mutton was selected as the experimental group, and the commercial Tibetan mutton was selected as the control group, the nutritive composition of basic chemical components, amino acids and fatty acids in mutton were investigated to correlate its unique meat quality and eating satisfaction. The results showed that fatty acids were significantly higher (P<0.05) in Gangba mutton than in commercial mutton, and the higher content of flavoring amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartame) were primarily responsible for the taste attributes umami of meat juices. Moreover, the trace elements analysis in mutton and grazing factors (forage, water source and soil) were conducted, to explain the source of essential trace elements in mutton. The concentrations of essential trace elements show that the Gangba mutton was a valuable source for highly available Cu and Zn in human nutrition, and well managed with few detected of toxicity metal. The concentrations of essential trace elements in mutton are closely related to the trace elements in environmental grazing factors. In conclusion, the congenital grazing conditions (a highly mineralized water resource, natural forages and clean soils) were shown to contribute to the unique meat characteristics of Gangba sheep.     

Seasonal and spatial distribution of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in the Huangpu River and its tributaries, Shanghai, China

The seasonal variations and spatial distributions of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) in surface waters, suspended solids and surface sediments in the Huangpu River and its tributaries (Suzhou River and Yunzao Brook) were firstly investigated. The mean concentrations of OP, NP and BPA in the three rivers were 10.59, 120.96 and 22.93 ng L^?1 in surface waters, 199.87, 2,300.87 and 84.11 ng g^?1 in suspended solids and 9.49, 119.44 and 7.13 ng g^?1 dry weight in surface sediments, respectively. The concentrations of NP and OP were higher in summer than in winter in the suspended solids and surface sediments, while the reverse was true in surface waters. Similarly, the levels of BPA were lower in summer than in winter in surface sediments, while the opposite was true in surface waters and suspended solids. These seasonal variations might be attributed to temperature and stream flows. High levels of OP, NP and BPA were found in surrounding river intersections, residential and industrial areas. Their concentrations decreased gradually with increasing distance from those areas, while the lowest levels were measured in near less urbanized and agricultural areas. These phenomena might indicate that the stream current and pollutant source were the major factors that affect the spatial distributions of OP, NP and BPA in the three rivers. Ecological risk assessment indicated that NP was the only one of the three pollutants with the potential to influence local aquatic organisms. The results of this study provide scientific support for control of these pollutants.     

临江河回水区营养盐及富营养化特征分析

以2008年3～9月对库区次级河流临江河回水区水质的调查为依据,分析了临江河回水区氮、磷营养盐的污染分布及富营养化特征。结果表明,临江河回水区氨氮(NH₃-N)、总氮(TN)的浓度在7月中旬达到最小值,分别为1.963和5.128 mg/L, 之后在9月初出现峰值,而磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)和总磷(TP)的浓度却呈现出先增加后下降的变化规律;氮主要来自点源污染,而磷受面源污染影响较大;溶解性无机氮(DIN)和PO^3-₄-P是TN与TP的主要存在形态,平均分别占TN和TP的85.3%和77.8%,而DIN又以NH₃-N为主。营养盐浓度呈现出回水区中游最高,回水末端次之,河口处最低的空间分布特征。叶绿素a（Chl-a）的浓度在4月和9月出现峰值,其空间分布特征与营养盐的类似。研究表明,临江河回水区在重度污染的情况下,即便是河流型水体也可能发生富营养化;流速对Chl-a浓度的显著影响呈指数关系。     

臭氧处理剩余污泥的减量化实验研究

采用质子交换聚合物膜电解法（PEM）产生臭氧,单独对剩余污泥进行氧化破解实验,结果表明,随着臭氧化反应时间的增加,污泥微生物细胞裂解,胞内物质进入到污泥溶液中,污泥固体物质减少,使得TS和VTS均显著下降,处理40 min后,其去除率分别达到57.33%和72.76%;SCOD前30 min呈线性增长,通入臭氧60 min后,由处理前的3 501.24mg/L上升到6 298.32 mg/L,增长率达79.88%;SV30及滤饼含水率均呈下降趋势,表明剩余污泥的沉淀性能及脱水性能得到明显改善。实验结果表明,直接利用臭氧对剩余污泥进行处理,可获得良好的减量化效果。