Combined effects of nitrogen addition and organic matter manipulation on soil respiration in a Chinese pine forest

The response of soil respiration (Rs) to nitrogen (N) addition is one of the uncertainties in modelling ecosystem carbon (C). We reported on a long-term nitrogen (N) addition experiment using urea (CO(NH₂)₂) fertilizer in which Rs was continuously measured after N addition during the growing season in a Chinese pine forest. Four levels of N addition, i.e. no added N (N0: 0 g N m⁻² year⁻¹), low-N (N1: 5 g N m⁻² year⁻¹), medium-N (N2: 10 g N m⁻² year⁻¹), and high-N (N3: 15 g N m⁻² year⁻¹), and three organic matter treatments, i.e. both aboveground litter and belowground root removal (LRE), only aboveground litter removal (LE), and intact soil (CK), were examined. The Rs was measured continuously for 3 days following each N addition application and was measured approximately 3–5 times during the rest of each month from July to October 2012. N addition inhibited microbial heterotrophic respiration by suppressing soil microbial biomass, but stimulated root respiration and CO₂ release from litter decomposition by increasing either root biomass or microbial biomass. When litter and/or root were removed, the “priming” effect of N addition on the Rs disappeared more quickly than intact soil. This is likely to provide a point of view for why Rs varies so much in response to exogenous N and also has implications for future determination of sampling interval of Rs measurement.

     

生态校园建设现状分析

生态校园建设的类型主要有:景观园林设计型、生态技术型、教育管理型.通过在校园内建立生态环境体系,使校园内有限的资源得到循环、合理、科学的使用,提高学校生态环境质量.     

Spatial and seasonal characteristics of river water chemistry in the Taizi River in Northeast China

Anthropogenic activities have led to water quality deterioration in many parts of the world, especially in Northeast China. The current work investigated the spatiotemporal variations of water quality in the Taizi River by multivariate statistical analysis of data from the 67 sampling sites in the mainstream and major tributaries of the river during dry and rainy seasons. One-way analysis of variance indicated that the 20 measured variables (except pH, 5-day biological oxygen demand, permanganate index, and chloride, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus concentrations) showed significant seasonal (p?≤?0.05) and spatial (p?<?0.05) variations among the mainstream and major tributaries of the river. Hierarchical cluster analysis of data from the different seasons classified the mainstream and tributaries of the river into three clusters, namely, less, moderately, and highly polluted clusters. Factor analysis extracted five factors from data in the different seasons, which accounted for the high percentage of the total variance and reflected the integrated characteristics of water chemistry, organic pollution, phosphorous pollution, denitrification effect, and nitrogen pollution. The results indicate that river pollution in Northeast China was mainly from natural and/or anthropogenic sources, e.g., rainfall, domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff, and industrial discharge.     

长江三角洲地区耕地质量变化的初步研究——以锡山市为例

长江三角洲地区耕地质量变化的监测是区土地可持续利用研究的重点领域。锡山市位于太湖平原北部，其耕地质量变化过程反映了长江三角洲腹地经济发展水平较高地区的耕地现状和发展趋势。本研究以锡山市为典型区，依据第二次土壤普查资料，多年土壤监测数据和有关耕地系统状态的统计数据，结合研究区耕地状况的调查分析，提出了支持压力－状态－响应模型的耕地质量评价指标体系，并据此指标体系分析了该区耕地质量变化趋势。结果表明，该区耕地系统的发展总体上是可控的、有序的、但是耕地系统产出能力的稳定性呈下降趋势，系统高水平投入的维持面临较大的压力。鉴于人口增加和耕地持续减少的态势在很长一段时间内难以逆转，耕地占补的质量差异因素，是该区能否实现耕地总量动态平衡的关键所在。     

Influencing factors and prediction of ambient Peroxyacetyl nitrate concentration in Beijing, China

Peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) are important secondary pollutants in ground-level atmosphere. Accurate prediction of atmospheric pollutant concentrations is crucial to guide effective precautions for before and during specific pollution events. In this study, four models based on the back-propagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR) methods were used to predict the hourly average PAN concentrations at Peking University, Beijing, in 2014. The model inputs were atmospheric pollutant data and meteorological parameters. Model 3 using a BP-ANN based on the original variables achieved the best prediction results among the four models, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.7089, mean bias error of ? 0.0043 ppb, mean absolute error of 0.4836?ppb, root mean squared error of 0.5320?ppb, and Willmott's index of agreement of 0.8214. Based on a comparison of the performance indices of the MLR and BP-ANN models, we concluded that the BP-ANN model was able to capture the highly non-linear relationships between PAN concentration and the conventional atmospheric pollutant and meteorological parameters, providing more accurate results than the traditional MLR models did, with a markedly higher goodness of R. The selected meteorological and atmospheric pollutant parameters described a sufficient amount of PAN variation, and thus provided satisfactory prediction results. More specifically, the BP-ANN model performed very well for capturing the variation pattern when PAN concentrations were low. The findings of this study address some of the existing knowledge gaps in this research field and provide a theoretical basis for future regional air pollution control.     

地勘行业呼吸性粉尘控制效果评的研究

针对地质勘察行业粉尘作业的多样性，以呼吸性粉尘检测结果作为指标，提出了对现有不同防尘技术措施的呼吸性粉尘控制效果评价的几种方法，并进行了初步评价。     

城市边缘区土地利用变化及人文驱动力机制研究

利用多期遥感影像 ,对土地利用进行了测量。再运用GIS软件进行空间叠加求得研究区土地利用变化的转移矩阵 ,分析马山区11年来土地利用变化的空间过程。结果表明 :1988～1998年之间农业景观为主的农田、林地显著减少 ,城镇沿公路迅速向外扩张 ,旅游度假区沿湖岸不断扩大且呈集中化趋势。这一变化趋势的驱动力是旅游为主的第三产业迅速发展、外资大量涌入、城镇人口增长和农副产品的价格波动。     

矿区含氡深井水作饮用水氡污染治理的试验研究

矿区含氡深井水通过实验室小规模除氡试验。结果表明：敞口贮存，曝气和活性炭吸附是除氡的三种有效方法。本文对试验各种过程和结果进行分析讨论。     

长江三角洲土地资源可持续利用研究

在定性分析长江三角洲土地资源现状特征和可持续利用目标基础上,重点对区域土地资源可持续利用进行定量评价:选择36个因素作为参评因子,建立评价指标体系;选用模糊隶属函数和线性加权函数进行综合测算,评判出区域土地资源可持续利用综合水平;引进“障碍度”概念进行定量的障碍诊断,并针对主要障碍因素提出可持续利用具体对策。     

长江流域太湖区降雨侵蚀力及其应用的研究

本研究利用太湖区代表站３０年和４３个一般站２５年的降雨资料，改进和完善了降雨侵蚀力新算法，使之与经典法达到９０％的一致性，查清了该区降雨侵蚀力时空变化持证，并编制出全区阵雨侵蚀力（Ｒ）值分布图。同时，还时Ｒ值在水土保持、耕作制度变革和防洪减灾中的应用，尤其对１９９１年特大洪涝灾害的根本原因，作了讨论。太湖区Ｒ值较大，不可忽视水土保持，做好山区、坡耕地的水土保持，是防洪减灾最长久有效的根本措施。