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71.
Jeffrey Burton Marliave Kim W. Conway Donna M. Gibbs Andy Lamb Charles Gibbs 《Marine Biology》2009,156(11):2247-2254
In the Strait of Georgia and Howe Sound, British Columbia, colonies of individual cloud sponges, growing on rock (known as
sponge gardens) receive resource subsidies from the high biodiversity of epifauna on adjacent rock habitats. Bioherms are
reefs of glass sponges living on layers of dead sponges. In the same area as the sponge gardens, newly discovered bioherms
in Howe Sound, BC (49.34.67 N, 123.16.26 W) at depths of 28- to 35-m are constructed exclusively by Aphrocallistes vastus, the cloud sponge. The sponge gardens had much higher taxon richness than the bioherms. The sponge garden had 106 species from 10 phyla, whereas
the bioherm had only 15 species from 5 phyla. For recruiting juvenile rockfish (quillback, Sebastes maliger), the food subsidy of sponge gardens appears to be missing on bioherms of cloud sponge, where biodiversity is relatively
low. While adult and subadult rockfishes (S. maliger, S. ruberrimus, S. proriger, and S. elongatus) were present on bioherms, no evidence for nursery recruitment of inshore rockfishes to bioherms was observed, whereas the
sponge gardens supported high densities of newly recruited S. maliger, perhaps owing to the combination of both refuge and feeding opportunities. These results indicate that sponge gardens form
a habitat for early stages of inshore S. maliger, whereas A. vastus bioherms are associated only with older juvenile and adult rockfishes. 相似文献
72.
C. L. Burton D. A. Smith 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):139-143
An electrostatic precipitator, furnished on a 500-Mw tan-gentially-fired steam generator burning coal, was to collect 99.6% of the fly ash being generated in the furnace of this unit. Preliminary measurements indicated that the installation was not meeting its collection guarantee. Precipitator outlet flue dust distribution indicated that poor gas flow distribution might be one of the causes of the low performance. When observation ports were installed in the outlet flue to permit a direct visual evaluation of the problem, it was found that high velocity jets were present in the collecting electrodes, and that hopper sweepage was present. A model study along with velocity distribution measurements of the installation were authorized. Flow analysis indicated that the field and model correlated well. Extensive changes were made in the model, which eliminated or minimized the high velocity jets and hopper sweepage. After these changes were made in the field installation, it was able to achieve the required dust collection efficiency. 相似文献
73.
Robert M. Burton James N. Howard Robert L. Penley Peggy A. Ramsay Thomas A. Clark 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):277-281
The purpose of this paper is to describe instrumentation to aerodynamically size suspended particulates found in ambient air and to summarize results of field testing utilizing the new technique. A four-stage, multiorifice high-volume fractionating impactor with backup filter, which can be operated as a component of the standard high-volume sampler, collects particulate matter in five separate aerodynamic size ranges: 7 micrometer (μm) or larger, 3.3 to 7 μm, 2.0 to 3.3 μm, 1.1 to 2.0 μm, and 0.01 to 1.1 μm. Comparative field tests utilizing duplicate sampling techniques were conducted to determine the feasibility of using the size fractionator on a routine basis in field operations. Verification of the actual particle size separation was not undertaken; however, earlier tests utilizing laboratory-generated aerosols have been performed with satisfactory results. The results of field tests indicate that the fractionator can be used to determine the aerodynamic size distribution of particulate matter. A glass fiber surface with a pH of 11.0 was found to adsorb atmospheric acid gases during sampling and thus gave erroneous mass concentration results when compared to the standard high-volume sampler. Glass fiber filters with a pH of 6.5 eliminated the acid gas adsorption. 相似文献
74.
Exposures of caged organisms in situ have proven to be a useful way to improve exposure realism and link to stressor effects in aquatic assessments of hazard or risk. A novel cage system, the benthic in situ toxicity identification evaluation (BiTIE), was developed for benthic macroinvertebrates (surrogate species, resident populations and communities) to separate low and high flow effects, and major chemical classes of stressors in streams. Three resin types were used to separate the chemical stressors in the streams Honey Creek and Little Beavercreek, Ohio, USA: Dowex Optipore (non-polar organics), zeolite (ammonia), and polywool (control). Isonychia spp. sensitivity was compared to Chironomus tentans, and no significant differences were found (p>0.05). Isonychia spp. growth (length) showed a stressor response in the zeolite treatments, and community testing revealed improved metric responses in the Dowex treatments. The BiTIE chamber system demonstrated stressor-response relationships using sublethal and multimetric endpoints. 相似文献
75.
Expert knowledge is used in the development of wildlife habitat suitability models (HSMs) for management and conservation decisions. However, the consistency of such models has been questioned. Focusing on 1 method for elicitation, the analytic hierarchy process, we generated expert-based HSMs for 4 felid species: 2 forest specialists (ocelot [Leopardus pardalis] and margay [Leopardus wiedii]) and 2 habitat generalist species (Pampas cat [Leopardus colocola] and puma [Puma concolor]). Using these HSMs, species detections from camera-trap surveys, and generalized linear models, we assessed the effect of study species and expert attributes on the correspondence between expert models and camera-trap detections. We also examined whether aggregation of participant responses and iterative feedback improved model performance. We ran 160 HSMs and found that models for specialist species showed higher correspondence with camera-trap detections (AUC [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve] >0.7) than those for generalists (AUC < 0.7). Model correspondence increased as participant years of experience in the study area increased, but only for the understudied generalist species, Pampas cat (β = 0.024 [SE 0.007]). No other participant attribute was associated with model correspondence. Feedback and revision of models improved model correspondence, and aggregating judgments across multiple participants improved correspondence only for specialist species. The average correspondence of aggregated judgments increased as group size increased but leveled off after 5 experts for all species. Our results suggest that correspondence between expert models and empirical surveys increases as habitat specialization increases. We encourage inclusion of participants knowledgeable of the study area and model validation for expert-based modeling of understudied and generalist species. 相似文献
76.
77.
78.
Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) sequence, nuclear microsatellites, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms
(AFLPs) were used to evaluate connectivity among nine red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) populations sampled between August 1998 and November 2003 along approximately 1,300 km of California coastline from Crescent
City (41°46′N, 124°12′W) to San Miguel Island (34°02′N, 120°22′W). COI sequences and microsatellite genotypes did not show
significant genetic divergence among nine sampled populations. A subset of five populations spanning the geographic range
of the study was scored for 163 polymorphic AFLP markers. Of these, 41 loci showed significant divergence (P < 0.001) among populations. Still, no AFLP markers were diagnostic for any of the study populations, and assignment tests
did not consistently assign individuals to the correct population. Although the AFLP data are the first to suggest there is
significant genetic differentiation among California red abalone populations, the discordance between the different genetic
markers needs further study before unambiguous conclusions can be drawn with respect to connectivity among the populations.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
79.
Lenwood W. Hall Dennis T. Burton Stuart L. Margrey 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(5):1365-1373
ABSTRACT: Chlorine-temperature interaction studies with various exposure times were conducted on 25–day old larval white perch, Morone Americana, using total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations of 0.0, 0.15, and 0.30 mg/1 TRC in combination with ΔTs of 2, 6, and 10 C above a base temperature of 18 C. Larval fish were exposed to the chlorine-temperature test conditions for exposure periods of 0.08, 2.0 and 4.0 hours. After each respective exposure period, chlorine concentrations were decayed naturally over a 1.0 to 1.5 hour period to < 0.01 mg/1 TRC; temperatures were decayed over a 4 hour period to 2.0 C above the base temperature. These test conditions were used to simulate chlorine and temperature conditions encountered in power plant discharge canals and near field receiving streams. The interactions of chlorine, ΔT and exposure duration as factors which caused death up to 36 hours after the exposure periods were established by regression model techniques. An initial interaction model showed that ΔT was not a factor which contributed to death. A predictive model for chlorine and exposure duration was constructed which showed that potential impact to larval white perch from chlorine at power facilities with once through cooling systems can be minimized by 1) using short duration exposures (< 1 hour) to chlorine in plants that chlorinate intermittently or 2) by rapid mixing in the receiving stream in plants that chlorinate on a low level (< 0.05 mg/1) continuous basis. Similar considerations should be given to cooling tower blowdown which contain chlorinated water. 相似文献
80.
Lenwood W. Hall Dennis T. Burton Sturart T. Margrey William C. Graves 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(2):283-287
ABSTRACT: The avoidance response of groups of juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, was evaluated by exposing test species to a range of simultaneous total residual chlorine (TRC) (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 mg/L) and elevated temperature (0, 2, 4, and 6°C) conditions simulating power plant discharges. This species was tested at both 15 and 20°C to determine possible effects of acclimation temperature on the avoidance response. These temperatures were selected to represent spring or fall thermal conditions when most East Coast power plant facilities initiate power plant chlorination in the spring or terminate the use of this biocide in the fall. An unbalanced 3-factor factorial design was used to develop response surface avoidance models at 15 and 20°C. The model developed at 15°C showed: (1) an increase in avoidance occurred at all δT conditions as TRC increased from 0.00 to 0.05 mg/L; (2) a greater degree of avoidance occured at TRC concentrations above 0.05 mg/L at all δT conditions; and (3) TRC was the most important term inflencing avoidance. The model for Atlantic menhaden at 20°C showed: 1) avoidance increased with increasing TRC concentration at each δT condition; (2) avoidance did not necessarily increase with increasing δT's at each TRC concentration; (3) greatest avoidance occured at 0°C δT and 0.15 mg/L TRC; and (4) TRC was the most important term influencing avoidance. There was a significant difference (p < 0.00001) between avoidance models at 15 and 20°C. However, when extreme conditions of 0.15 mg/L TRC and 0–6°δT were compared, the degree of avoidance responses (percent time in control area) was similar. 相似文献