濮阳市秋冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征及来源解析

濮阳市作为京津冀周边地区大气污染传输通道城市之一,秋冬季重污染天气频发,空气污染问题严峻.为了研究濮阳市秋冬季大气细颗粒物污染特征及其主要来源,于2017年10月15日至2018年1月13日在濮阳市3个国控点对PM_(2.5)进行了手工膜采样与化学组分分析,并结合PMF受体模型,开展了细颗粒物来源解析研究.结果表明,濮阳市2017年秋冬季PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为94. 16μg·m~(-3),濮水河管理处的污染状况最严重,进入采暖季后3站点均表现为重度及严重污染事件频发,轻度污染发生频率降低,重污染发生时NO_2与CO浓度升高明显. PM_(2.5)中的主要组分为水溶性离子(52. 33%)、碳质组分(25. 32%)和地壳元素(0. 08%),NO_3~-的含量高而SO_4~(2-)的浓度水平较低.重污染发生时,PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子、OC、EC和K浓度都出现了明显的升高,而地壳元素浓度降低.采样期间濮阳市的硫氮转化率水平较高,大气氧化性较强,硫氮转化促进了重污染的发生.濮阳市2017年NOx、CO和VOCs排放量较高,来源解析结果表明,濮阳市秋冬季PM_(2.5)主要来源分别为二次无机盐(37%)、工业源(16%)、二次有机气溶胶SOA(14%)、生物质燃烧源(12%)、移动源(9%)、燃煤源(7%)和扬尘源(4%).可见,二次转化在濮阳重污染的形成过程中起到重要作用,要减轻大气细颗粒物污染,需要重点控制工业源、生物质燃烧、移动源和民用散煤燃烧的排放.     

Fault detection approach for systems involving soft sensors

This paper develops a new approach for fault detection which involves soft sensors for process monitoring. Unlike existing approaches, which compare current measurements, or linear combinations thereof, to values of these measurements representing normal operations, the methodology presented here deals directly with the state estimates that need to be monitored. The advantage of such an approach is that the effect of abnormal process conditions on the state variables can be directly observed and that it is possible to include nonlinear relationships between measurements and states. At the same time, this type of approach has the drawback that the variances of the unmeasured states are not equal to the variances of the actual process variables due to the use of a soft sensor. However, for many popular soft sensor techniques, such as Kalman filters and related approaches, it is possible to compute variances of the predicted states that correspond to normal operating conditions. This paper presents a general framework for using soft sensors for process monitoring, i.e., soft sensor design and computation of the statistics that represent normal operating conditions, and illustrates this framework in three specific applications. It should be pointed out that the contribution of this work does not lie with the soft sensor design or the computation of the statistics itself as either part has individually already been addressed in the existing literature. However, the authors are not aware of any studies where both tasks are combined for process monitoring, which forms the contribution of this work.     

Elution of p-Dichlorobenzene through compacted soil with alcohol-water mixtures

p-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) was eluted through a compacted ferruginous clay with dilute aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, n- and i-propanols, and n- and i-butanols. The presence of the alcohols results in very marked increases in the concentrations of p-DCB in the effluents from the clay-packed columns. Flux of p-DCB through the columns increases with increasing chain length of the alcohol, and normal alcohols increase the flux somewhat more than corresponding branched alcohols. Flux increases with increasing mole fraction of the alcohol. Flux enhancement is due almost exclusively to enhancement of the solubility of p-DCB.     

A study on aquaculture industry regulations and policies of globally representative states

Aquaculture has a long history,and has achieved rapid development from 1950 to 2010,especially since the 1990s.Nevertheless,aquaculture has also seen a series of problems emerge.Inevitably,aquaculture interacts with the environment and society.Rapid development requires that close attention be paid to potential environmental and social impacts and their prevention or mitigation.The development and management of aquaculture is related closely with a variety of legal and institutional arrangements.Thus,aquaculture raises numerous legal and institutional issues.This paper explores actual legal and institutional practices of global representative aquaculture countries and provides a comprehensive account of the legislation and policies of different countries.Further,this paper reveals that the optimal legal framework for aquaculture is in line with related international regulations(especially the soft laws)and strictly operational,and the corresponding policy framework should establish early access and warning,as well as post assessment and feedback mechanisms.     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中有机污染物复合毒性与多环芳烃毒性贡献

本研究利用发光细菌急性毒性实验测定了长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中有机污染物的复合毒性,同时运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了沉积物中16种美国环境保护局(United States Environmental Protection Agency, US EPA)规定的优先控制的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)的浓度。在此基础上,分析其时空分布特征及多环芳烃毒性贡献,并评估其环境风险。结果表明,2019年长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中16种PAHs总浓度范围为32.84～283.47 ng·g^(-1);2020年浓度范围为66.93～132.64 ng·g(-1);2020年浓度范围为66.93～132.64 ng·g^(-1)。在空间分布上,2019年长江口表层沉积物中PAHs在靠近渔港的区域呈现较高浓度(S3=(283.47±29.94) ng·g(-1)。在空间分布上,2019年长江口表层沉积物中PAHs在靠近渔港的区域呈现较高浓度(S3=(283.47±29.94) ng·g^(-1)),而2020年在靠近舟山岛的区域呈现较高浓度(L6=(132.64±9.95) ng·g(-1)),而2020年在靠近舟山岛的区域呈现较高浓度(L6=(132.64±9.95) ng·g^(-1))。与2019年相比,2020年多环芳烃的平均浓度有所降低,且其细胞毒性量化指标——生物分析当量浓度(BEQ_(bio))的平均值(66.62 mg·kg(-1))。与2019年相比,2020年多环芳烃的平均浓度有所降低,且其细胞毒性量化指标——生物分析当量浓度(BEQ_(bio))的平均值(66.62 mg·kg^(-1))远低于2019年(128.20 mg·kg(-1))远低于2019年(128.20 mg·kg^(-1))。在长江口沉积物毒性当量浓度中PAHs所占比例较小,2019年和2020年由PAHs引起的细胞毒性的平均占比分别为4.46%和4.25%。该结果表明,检测到的PAHs仅能解释所观察到的复合毒性效应的一小部分,因此,还需要进一步对其他未检测的化学物质进行测试分析。     

Degradation of sulfadiazine by UV/Oxone: roles of reactive oxidative species and the formation of disinfection byproducts

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a typical persistent sulfonamide antibiotic, which has been widely detected in natural drinking water sources. The degradation...     

基于彼得斯治理理论的京津冀协同发展路径重构

基于彼得斯治理理论,分析了京津冀地区的协同发展现状和要求,重构了其协同发展路径。结果表明:①要素禀赋、区域政策分别是区域协同发展的客观基础和主观条件。②区域协调发展新机制为京津冀地区提出了“坚持以北京和天津尤其是以非首都功能疏解为引领,借助市场力量调动各个主体的积极性,同时注重协同方式(机制)建设”的新要求。③京津冀协同发展路径重构可从“由软硬兼施的市场(市场平台和政府效能)、三维协同的主体(地方政府,中央政府和非政府部门)和富有弹性的方式(临时机构和互动机制)”的“3M”策略入手。     

A Hydrologic Data Screening Procedure for Exploring Monotonic Trends and Shifts in Rainfall and Runoff Patterns

A thorough understanding of past and present hydrologic responses to changes in precipitation patterns is crucial for predicting future conditions. The main objectives of this study were to determine temporal changes in rainfall‐runoff relationship and to identify significant trends and abrupt shifts in rainfall and runoff time series. Ninety‐year rainfall and runoff time series datasets from the Gasconade and Meramec watersheds in east‐central Missouri were used to develop data screening procedure to assess changes in the rainfall and runoff temporal patterns. A statistically significant change in mean and variance was detected in 1980 in the rainfall and runoff time series within both watersheds. In addition, both the rainfall and runoff time series indicated the presence of nonstationary attributes such as statistically significant monotonic trends and/or change in mean and variance, which should be taken into consideration when using the time series to predict future scenarios. The annual peak runoff and the annual low flow in the Meramec watershed showed significant temporal changes compared to that in the Gasconade watershed. Water loss in both watersheds was found to be significantly increasing which is potentially due to the increase in groundwater pumping for water supply purposes.     

Algal purification of pretreated landfill Leachate

The efficiency of microalgae in removing various pollutants in landfill leachate after pretreatment by free stripping or air stripping was tested by a laboratory batch system. The results showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus sp. had similar removal efficiencies with regard to ammoniacal‐nitrogen, oxidized‐nitrogen, orthophosphate and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The COD removal by algal treatment was better in Junk Bay (JB) leachate than in Gin Drinkers’ Bay (GDB) leachate (14–21% and 0.4–7% respectively). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in removing other nutrients including ammoniacal‐nitrogen, oxidized‐nitrogen and orthophosphate between leachate from the two landfills, regardless of the pretreatment used. The removal efficiencies of ammoniacal‐nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be higher in air‐stripped leachate than in free‐stripped one. Removal of ammoniacal‐nitrogen and phosphorus in air‐stripped leachate was 30% and 87% respectively. Poor removal of ammoniacal‐nitrogen was probably due to a deficiency in phosphorus (high N : P ratio) for algal growth in leachate. The two‐stage leachate treatment (ammonia stripping followed by algal purification) resulted in overall reduction of COD (38–51%), ammoniacal‐nitrogen (72–96%) and orthophosphate (79–96%).