长江流域逐月气温空间插值方法的探讨

长江流域地形地貌特征复杂。为了探索适合长江流域的逐月气温数据空间插值方法,在考虑海拔、经纬度、坡度、坡向对气温影响和没有考虑这些地形因子对气温影响的两种情况下,利用流域151个气象站2007年逐月气温与对应的站点地形因子进行回归分析,并与回归直线截距相加产生栅格化的回归气温值,同时对回归多项式的残差分别运用反距离权重法（IDW）、普通克立格法（OK）和样条函数法（SPLINE）气温进行了空间插值,然后将栅格化的回归气温值与残差的插值结果相加得到空间化的逐月气温数据,并利用交叉检验方法对插值精度进行了评估。结果表明：考虑了地形因子影响的3种插值方法的精度都有比较明显的提高,对于普通克立格法,平均绝对误差（MAE）从103℃降到060℃,均方根误差（RMSE）从238℃降到123℃;对于反距离权重法,MAE从110℃降到065℃,RMSE从248℃降到138℃;对于样条插值法,MAE从124℃降到074℃,RMSE从266℃降到151℃。考虑了地形因子影响的空间插值方法整体上要优于没有考虑地形因子的空间插值方法,其中,基于地形因子的普通克里格插值方法结果相对较好     

Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) to dinitrogen gas (N₂) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g^?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m^?3 d^?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m^?3 d^?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.     

玻璃表面PAHs垂向分布特征与室内外对比研究

利用GC-MS对上海市玻璃表面有机膜中PAHs浓度进行了定量分析。结果表明随着楼层的增加,10层居民楼玻璃表面PAHs浓度出现先增加后减少的趋势,最高浓度出现在3层(736 ng/m~2),最低在9层(346 ng/m2);17层公寓楼PAHs浓度则是先减少后增加再减少的趋势,最高浓度出现在9层(2 338 ng/m~2),最低在16层(564 ng/m~2)。TOC与PAHs相关性分析暗示除TOC外,玻璃表面PAHs富集可能还受控于其他因素。10层居民楼主要以3环和4环PAHs为主;而17层公寓楼则以4环为主。玻璃外表面PAHs浓度(555 ng/m~2)远高于内表面(308 ng/m~2);外表面主要以Phe、Pyr、Chry、Fluo和Fl为主;内外表面低环PAHs比值接近于1,高环比值基本上低于0.6。TEQ值虽然较低,但生态风险仍不能忽视。     

冬青和女贞叶表面颗粒物微形态及叶际细菌群落结构

植物叶表面颗粒物和微生物的结构动态对近地表环境和生态具有重要意义.本研究以青岛市不同功能区冬青和女贞植物的新鲜叶片为研究对象,利用环境扫描电镜观察叶表面颗粒物与微生物微形态特征及季节变化规律;采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析植物叶际细菌群落结构.结果 表明,冬青和女贞植物叶片颗粒物滞留量秋、冬季节高于春、夏两季,...     

Fe(Ⅱ)强化声化学降解偶氮染料酸性红B的研究

采用50kHz超声降解偶氮染料酸性红B(ARB),考察了溶液pH和Fe(Ⅱ)浓度对ARB声化学降解过程的影响.结果表明,酸性条件有利于ARB的脱色过程.超声过程中H₂O₂的浓度随时间线性增加.Fe(Ⅱ)和H₂O₂反应生成·OH,强化了ARB的声化学脱色速率和降解过程.当Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为1.43 mg/L和2.85 mg/L时,ARB的脱色速率(在515 nm处)分别提高了1.17倍和1.75倍.同时,ARB在322 nm和254 nm处的紫外吸收亦明显下降.     

地震损失经济学评估模型灾损参数的统计研究

地震应急管理有助于震后救灾工作的顺利进行。传统的灾损评估需要有关人员进入现场根据地震破坏情况进行评估,这会影响评估的时效性。通过对地震灾损参数进行统计学研究,利用现有的研究成果,以统计指数、数据包络分析为理论基础,将现有的基于不同房屋结构类型、不同破坏等级的震害矩阵进行降维,确定了灾损参数,并以青海玉树地震为例,运用灾损参数实现了灾损的快速评估。     

Land Resources Allocation Strategies in an Urban Area Involving Uncertainty: A Case Study of Suzhou,in the Yangtze River Delta of China

A large number of mathematical models have been developed to support land resource allocation decisions and land management needs; however, few of them can address various uncertainties that exist in relation to many factors presented in such decisions (e.g., land resource availabilities, land demands, land-use patterns, and social demands, as well as ecological requirements). In this study, a multi-objective interval-stochastic land resource allocation model (MOISLAM) was developed for tackling uncertainty that presents as discrete intervals and/or probability distributions. The developed model improves upon the existing multi-objective programming and inexact optimization approaches. The MOISLAM not only considers economic factors, but also involves food security and eco-environmental constraints; it can, therefore, effectively reflect various interrelations among different aspects in a land resource management system. Moreover, the model can also help examine the reliability of satisfying (or the risk of violating) system constraints under uncertainty. In this study, the MOISLAM was applied to a real case of long-term urban land resource allocation planning in Suzhou, in the Yangtze River Delta of China. Interval solutions associated with different risk levels of constraint violation were obtained. The results are considered useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various system conditions, and thus helping decision makers to identify a desirable land resource allocation strategy under uncertainty.     

医护人员血源性病原体职业危害研究进展

本研究的目的是了解医护人员血源性病原体职业接触流行特征、职业危害及其研究进展。结果表明,发生针刺及其他锐器损伤的最主要的职业群体是护理人员,最容易导致医护人员损伤的锐器为注射器针头、玻璃安瓿、缝合针和手术刀片等,导致医护人员锐器伤的最常见的医疗操作是注射、缝合和采血。发生血源性病原体职业接触后,医护人员可能感染HBV、HCV及HIV等多种血源性病原体。国内既往研究大多关注伤害发生率及相关危险因素,未对血源性病原体职业接触后感染HBV、HCV及HIV的风险开展研究,尚需通过建立队列,开展前瞻性调查研究。     

强化除磷曝气生物滤池反冲洗优化及其污泥特性

为探讨BAF(曝气生物滤池)最佳反冲洗强度及其选择依据,以某处理石化二级出水的强化除磷BAF为研究对象,采取不同的反冲洗强度进行气-水联合反冲洗,探讨反冲洗过程中出水污泥量峰值出现时间、污泥的SOUR(比好氧呼吸速率)变化、反冲洗前后微生物量和微生物脱氢酶活性(DHA)的变化以及反冲洗后的恢复效果,并对反冲洗强度参数的选择进行了优化. 结果表明:在该研究条件下,采用气洗〔强度为12 L/(m2·s)〕4 min,气-水联合洗〔气洗强度为12 L/(m2·s),水洗强度为6 L/(m2·s)〕5 min,最后用清水漂洗9 min的反冲洗方式,排水中污泥的ρ(SS)可在最短时间(3 min)达到峰值;反冲洗排水中污泥的SOUR较低,平均值为0.5 mg/(mg·h);距离底端进水口1.3和2.2 m处的滤料层微生物的量损失较小,分别为4.4%和5.3%,其相应微生物的活性有所增加. 研究显示,该条件下反冲洗可有效清除滤料颗粒间所截留及滤料表面脱落的老化生物膜,并可保留适量活性较高的生物膜,强化了传质条件,反冲洗后对污染物的处理能力能恢复迅速.      

南京玄武湖微囊藻水华种类组成的研究

2005-08～2006-10采集蓝藻水华样品, 通过形态学特征和ITS序列分子标记的方法对南京玄武湖水华的优势种类进行了鉴定. 结果表明,玄武湖水华主要由微囊藻构成, 通过形态特征鉴定主要种类为铜绿微囊藻(M. aeruginosa)、M. novacekii 和惠氏微囊藻(M. wesenbergii). 3种藻的生物量在水华中的相对比例分别为30%～45%、35%～40%和10%～15%. 采用分子标记的方法对２种优势种类进行了分子鉴定. PCR扩增ITS序列并进行测序, 通过基因序列比对和基于ITS序列的系统发生树分析, 进一步确定了优势种类为M. aeruginosa和M. novacekii; 通过检测产毒基因mcyB来确认2株优势微囊藻的产毒特性, PCR扩增结果均出现了大约为780 bp的特异性片段, 表明这2种藻均为产毒种. 对水华提取物的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定表明, 玄武湖水华中微囊藻毒素的种类主要是MC-LR和MC-RR.