海洋塑料污染问题研究概况

世界各国，特别是发达国家，已对海洋的塑料污染问题进行了广泛研究。本文在广泛调研文献的基础上，综合评述了世界各地对海洋塑料废弃物污染状况，塑料废弃物对海洋动物、渔业经济和环境的影响，以及塑料废弃物污染的防治等问题研究的概况。详细讨论了有关研究方法、调查结果及影响因素。     

格宾护岸填料类型对河道自净能力的影响

选择花岗岩块石、卵石和废建筑砌块3种材料作为格宾填料,研究不同填料在模拟河道中对河水水质净化效果的影响。结果表明,随着实验装置运行时间的延长,各填料对N、P营养盐及有机物的去除能力均有不同程度的提高;3种填料中,卵石相较于其他2种填料对NH3-N、TOC和DOC的去除能力保持在较高的水平,运行26 d后分别达65.26%、71.06%和78.06%;3种填料在实验装置运行初期对TP都有较好的去除效果,运行12 d后,花岗岩块石、卵石、废建筑砌块对TP的去除率分别达89.20%、91.05%和94.71%;卵石表面附着的微生物脂磷含量及脱氢酶活性分别为53.43 nmol P/cm3、10.67μg TF/(h.cm3),均显著高于其他2种填料(p<0.05),其表面较高的微生物量及酶活性有利于对氮素及有机物的去除。     

低聚木糖作为调理剂对土壤微生物和酶的影响

针对集约化农业过量施入化肥农药等引起的土壤质量退化问题,采用造纸黒液废物提取的低聚木糖作为土壤调理剂。通过室内土壤培养,研究不同低聚木糖施用量(0.01%、0.05%、0.1%和0.2%)对土壤微生物数量和脲酶活性的影响。通过番茄盆栽实验,并设置添加0.1%商品生物有机肥处理作比较,研究不同低聚木糖施用量对土壤微生物量氮磷、脲酶和磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,低聚木糖可以提高土壤细菌、放线菌数量、土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性。低聚木糖也显著增加番茄各生长期土壤微生物量碳和磷含量,其中开花期时低聚木糖的促进作用最为明显。所有剂量处理中,以0.05%的低聚木糖添加量处理效果最为明显,且该处理效果也优于添加0.1%生物有机肥处理。低聚木糖作为土壤调理剂,能显著提高土壤微生物数量和酶活性,改善土壤生态系统,提高土壤质量,在农业上具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于PEG/DEX双水相体系的餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵

利用聚乙二醇(PEG)/葡聚糖(DEX)双水相体系分离餐厨垃圾发酵产物乳酸,分析了聚合物浓度和分子量的影响,以及餐厨垃圾多批次连续发酵时乳酸产率。实验结果表明,PEG/DEX双水相体系对乳酸菌生长影响不大,PEG和DEX浓度变化对乳酸产率、相体积比无显著影响;当DEX分子量由20 000升至40 000,乳酸生成速率由0.631 g/(L.h)降至0.518 g/(L.h),乳酸浓度由33 g/L降至22 g/L。多批次餐厨垃圾连续发酵可极大缩短发酵时间,在不投加缓冲剂的情况下,单批次乳酸产率仍大于0.30 g/g,累积产率大于0.45 g/g。     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in waterbird eggs of Hong Kong, China

Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were measured in 56 egg samples collected from waterbirds of different species (Great Egret, Little Egret, Night Heron and Chinese Pond Heron) from different regions of Hong Kong (Ho Sheung Heung, Mai Po Village and Mai Po Lung Village) during 2000 and 2006. Dominance of 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF indicates a signature associated with commercial usage of PCBs. Although no significant variations were observed within- and between-site in the levels of PCDD/Fs, coplanar PCBs and PBDEs, the concentrations of coplanar PCBs were much higher than PCDD/Fs. Similarity in composition profiles of PCDD/F and coplanar PCBs from different egretries is possibly associated with non-point sources of these contaminants to Hong Kong. Predominant accumulation of BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-100 suggested the penta-BDE technical mixtures usage in Hong Kong and its vicinity. Toxic equivalency and Monte Carlo simulation technique showed potential risks on waterbirds due to their exposure to PCDD/Fs.     

Chronic exposure to contaminated drinking water stimulates PPAR expression in mice livers

Mice were fed with source water (SW) and tap water (TW) for 90 d to evaluate hepatotoxicity induced by the drinking water. Histopathologic observation showed no obvious damage to hepatic tissue in the SW and TW groups. However, microarray analysis indicated that the SW and TW exposures affected many metabolic pathways, among which PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) signaling was most susceptible. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that both PPAR-α and PPAR-γ were significantly increased in the exposure groups compared to control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that PPAR-α expression level was increased from 23.37±0.53 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 26.60±1.43 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 27.68±1.10 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). For PPAR-γ, the expression level was also significantly enhanced from 0.83±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 1.11±0.20 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 1.16±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). The SW and DW posed no obvious hepatotoxicity on mice and PPAR-α/-γ could be used as a novel biomarker to assess public health risk induced by slightly contaminated drinking water.     

锰矿尾渣改性壳聚糖对Pb2+的吸附

将工业废弃物锰矿尾渣与壳聚糖混合制得一种高效吸附剂,并应用扫描电镜、X射线衍射对其结构进行了表征。采用正交表设计试验,分别考察了pH值、吸附时间、温度、复合吸附剂的投加量等4个影响因素对Pb²⁺吸附的影响,最佳吸附条件为：pH值为7,吸附时间为40 min,温度为20℃,复合吸附剂的投加量为0.10 g。处理后的水符合国家污水综合排放标准（GB8978-1996）中的一级标准。复合吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

核桃壳骨架构建剂对污泥脱水性能的影响

污泥最终处置的困难在于提高泥饼的含固量和降低其含水率。研究用核桃壳做骨架构建剂对污泥进行调理对污泥脱水性能改善的影响。通过测定污泥比阻(SRF),毛细吸水时间(CST)以及抽滤后污泥含水率,探究核桃壳骨架构建剂对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,采用核桃壳做骨架构建剂调理污泥的最佳添加量为4:6(核桃壳与污泥干重比),最佳粒径为13 m/kg,降为调理后的1.06×1013 m/kg。     

Mn3O4催化臭氧化钻井废水的作用机理

通过静态实验,探讨了Mn3O4对钻井废水臭氧化过程的催化作用机理,考察了Mn3O4及Cl-对臭氧分解、水体湍动程度、羟基自由基抑制剂碳酸氢根和叔丁醇的加入对COD去除率的影响,分析了反应过程中TOC和pH的变化。结果表明,催化剂加量为100 mg/L时,臭氧分解率由单独臭氧时的38.2%增加到81.4%,Mn3O4对钻井废水中有机物的吸附去除率仅为2%,O3/活性炭体系对COD去除率与单独臭氧效果接近,说明臭氧在催化剂表面存在吸附作用,促进臭氧分解;水体不搅拌与搅拌速度增加为900 r/min时,COD去除率由52%增加到58%,搅拌程度对钻井废水COD去除效果影响不大;HCO3-浓度为100 mg/L时,COD去除率降低到41.2%,说明了体系中有羟基自由基产生;氯离子浓度为1 000 mg/L,臭氧的分解率降低了9.2%,证明了臭氧在催化剂表面的吸附作用;羟基自由基抑制剂叔丁醇的加入,使得COD去除率由54.3%降低为40.8%,证实了反应体系中存在羟基自由基。同时在反应过程中,体系的TOC 由191.9 mg/L降低至37.6 mg/L;pH由原来的11.2降低到6.3。实验现象说明,臭氧吸附在Mn3O4催化剂表面,分解产生羟基自由基,进而氧化去除钻井废水中有机物,这在某种程度上证明了Mn3O4催化臭氧化对有机物的降解遵循羟基自由基机理。     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧底渣对固化市政污泥工程特性的影响

在有膜标准养护和自然养护7 d和28 d的情况下,测定了固化体的含水率、有机质含量、抗剪强度、无侧限抗压强度及增容比等工程指标。研究结果表明,固化体含水率随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒增大而增大;有机质含量则与颗粒大小没有明显相关性;粘聚力随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒粒径增大而减小;内摩擦角随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒粒径增大而增大;无侧限抗压强度随垃圾焚烧底渣粒径增大而增大;实验配比为100:20:20情况下的增容比均小于1.08。底渣中2 mm以上大颗粒对固化起到了更加积极的作用。垃圾焚烧底渣作为骨料,增强工程特性、减小固化剂用量、降低成本。研究成果拓展了污泥处理处置途径。