Effect of NOx and RH on the secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene photooxidation

The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mechanism and physicochemical properties can highly be influenced by relative humidity (RH) and NOx concentration. In this study, we performed a laboratory investigation of the SOA formation from toluene/OH photooxidation system in the presence or absence of NOx in dry and wet conditions. The chemical composition of toluene-derived SOA was measured using Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). It was found that the mass concentration of toluene decreased with increasing RH and NOx concentration. However, the change of SOA chemistry composition (f₄₄, O/C) with increased RH was not consistent in the condition with or without NOx. The light absorption and mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the toluene-derived SOA only increased with RH in the presence of NOx. In contrast, MAC is invariant with RH in the absence of NOx. HR-ToF-AMS results showed that, in the presence of NOx, the increased nitro-aromatic compounds and N/C ratio concurrently caused the increase of SOA light absorption and O/C in wet conditions, respectively. The relative intensity of CHON and CHO_xN family to the total nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) increased with the increasing RH, and be the major components of NOCs in wet condition. This work revealed a synergy effect of NOx and RH on SOA formation from toluene photooxidation.     

Carbon flow analysis of China's agro-ecosystem from 1980 to 2013: A perspective from substance flow analysis

Research on carbon cycling has attracted attention from both scientists and policy-makers. Based on material flow analysis, this study systematically budgets the carbon inputs, outputs and balance from 1980 to 2013 for China''s agro-ecosystem and its sub-systems, including agricultural land use, livestock breeding and rural life. The results show that from 1980 to 2013, both the carbon input and output were growing gradually, with the carbon input doubling from 1.6 Pg C/year in 1980 to 3.4 Pg C/year in 2013, while carbon output grew from 2.2 Pg C/year in 1980 to 3.8 Pg C/year in 2013. From 1980 to 2013, the crop production system in China has remained a carbon source, and the agricultural land uses were also almost all carbon sources instead of carbon sinks. As soil carbon stock plays a very important role in deciding the function of China''s agro-ecosystem as a carbon sink or source, practices that can promote carbon storage and sequestration will be an essential component of low carbon agriculture development in China.     

HgCl2对斑马鱼SOD,AChE酶活性和基因相对转录量的影响

以HgCl2为实验毒物,研究其对斑马鱼的毒性效应,经染毒后,分别在第1天和第7天取斑马鱼的肌肉测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性,半定量RT-PCR检测肌肉中乙酰胆碱酯酶、细胞色素P450(CYP 1A)和超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn-SOD)基因的相对转录量.结果显示HgCl2对斑马鱼的毒性很强...     

Assessing monthly average solar radiation models: a comparative case study in Turkey

Solar radiation data are required by solar engineers, architects, agriculturists, and hydrologists for many applications such as solar heating, cooking, drying, and interior illumination of buildings. In order to achieve this, numerous empirical models have been developed all over the world to predict solar radiation. The main objective of this study is to examine and compare 147 solar radiation models available in the literature for the prediction of monthly solar radiation at Ankara (Turkey) based on selected statistical measures such as percentage error, mean percentage error, root mean square error, mean bias error, and correlation coefficient. Our results showed that Ball et al. (Agron J 96:391?C397, 2004) model and Chen et al. (Energy Convers Manag 47:2859?C2866, 2006) model performed best in the estimation of solar radiation on a horizontal surface for Ankara.     

喀纳斯旅游者行为及游后评价研究——基于网络游记的视角

通过百度、Google等搜索引擎获得关于喀纳斯游记104篇,采用文本分析方法分析了游客的行为特征和游后评价.结果表明,领略神秘美丽的自然风光和享受原始的生态环境是喀纳斯游客的主要动机,游客出游时间集中于6-10月之间,观鱼亭、禾木、白哈巴游览参与度高,徒步游客大多选择走东线;喀纳斯景区好评率为81.7％.归纳出游客的意见和景区开发存在的问题.     

可持续发展的给水工业系统分析

本文建立了给水工业的系统框架 ,分析了给水工业的宏观和中观系统结构及其内在关系 ,讨论了不同层次的系统对给水工业可持续发展的影响 ,为制定我国水工业发展的政策和管理体系提供了理论基础     

丝状真菌生物过滤塔对挥发性有机物的去除性能

生物过滤塔工艺是控制挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染的一种重要工艺。其中,丝状真菌由于所产生的菌丝体易捕捉气相中的疏水性污染物,同时又具备耐受低pH值和适应干燥环境等特性,而日益成为VOCs生物过滤技术中新的研究热点。文章在对丝状真菌生物过滤塔的降解机理和特点进行分析的基础上,针对目前在生物过滤塔技术中研究较多的几种典型丝状真菌,较详细介绍了该类真菌生物过滤塔对VOCs的去除性能,并对该技术在VOCs控制方面的研究与应用中存在的问题和发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土中速效磷的吸附及影响因素研究

针对海水养殖废水排入海洋后其中的磷素对海洋产生的污染问题,研究其被用于灌溉后在土壤中的吸附和影响因素.结果表明:供试土壤剖面各层次速效磷的吸附量随速效磷的浓度升高而迅速增大;海水养殖废水中速效磷的含量一般在0.26 mg/L左右,海水养殖废水用于灌溉土壤完全可以吸附和利用这部分速效磷;在土壤中速效磷的吸附量与吸附所需的时间之间呈对数曲线变化,其相关关系达到了极显著水平;滨海盐渍土对速效磷的吸附规律遵循Freundlish方程;影响速效磷吸附的主要因素为土壤中CaCO3、土壤粘粒、土壤有机质含量和吸附平衡的时间等.     

Quantitative analysis of CO2 embodiment in international trade: An overview of emerging literatures

The increasing volume of CO₂ embodiment in international trade adds a layer of complexity to environmental policies and has raised arguments on the traditional production based responsibility for CO₂ emissions. In order to help understand the quantity of CO₂ embodiment in trade and its policy implications, this paper gives observations to recently emerging literatures that quantitatively discuss CO₂ embodiment in trade. The analytical approaches share the principle of using input and output modeling but vary dramatically in study boundary and estimation accuracy. The calculations can be roughly categorized into three types: direct quantification of CO₂ embodiments in multiregional trade, direct quantification of CO₂ embodiment in bilateral trade, and indirect analysis by comparing the scenarios with or without trade. The practical estimations strongly rely on trade partner selection and data availability. An obvious imbalance of net CO₂ embodiment in the commodity trade between major developed countries and developing economies as a whole was confirmed by these literatures. Carbon taxes and other possible limitations on CO₂ emissions have been addressed. The consistency across the calculations could be enhanced by systematic analyses in more detail to convince the international community to take binding commitments for the reduction of global CO₂ emissions.     

山东省水泥行业CO_2排放情景与减排效果分析

为了评估山东省水泥行业的CO2减排潜力,利用长期能源替代规划系统软件建立了LEAP-Shandong Cement模型,对山东省水泥行业的CO2排放量及相应的减排潜力进行了模拟评估.同时,在模型中运用情景分析方法,研究了基准情景、政策情景和技术情景下山东水泥行业2007～2020年的能源需求和CO2排放量以及相应的节能减排潜力.结果表明,到2020年,相对于基准情景,政策情景和技术情景下的减排潜力分别为8.5%和14.4%.因此,山东省水泥行业具有一定的减排潜力.实现减排主要依靠窑型的替代和相应技术的进步,其中,余热发电技术改进为近期的重点减排技术.总体而言,水泥行业减排兼具显著的环境、经济和社会效益.